tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-85998391290743815382024-03-28T00:22:04.491-07:004 electrical & electronics studentsfor electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.comBlogger230125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-31202377578039700542012-06-30T00:06:00.000-07:002012-06-30T00:06:10.515-07:00PSLV-C19<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 18px;"> PSLV-C19</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 18px;">India's first indigenously built all-weather Radar Imaging Satellite, RISAT-1, with applications ranging from agriculture to natural disaster management, is now in polar </span></b></span></div>
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orbit after its carrier, the PSLV-C19, was launched with clinical precision from the Sriharikota spaceport of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Thursday.</div>
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" 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" 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RISAT-1, weighing 1,858 kg and the heaviest satellite launched yet by the PSLV, is a state-of-the-art Active Microwave Remote Sensing Satellite carrying a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) that will operate in the C-band.</div>
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In simpler terms, the RISAT-1 can beam back imaging of the earth surface features at day and night and under all imagined weather conditions. SAR, which gives the RISAT-1 its magical roving eyes, also makes it superior to the generation of optical remote sensing satellites in clearer imaging at all times and under any condition.</div>
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Terming the PSLV-C19 launch a “grand success,” ISRO Chairman K. Radhakrishnan said the RISAT-1 was precisely injected into an orbit in an altitudinal range of about 480 km. In the next three days, it would be raised to a 536-km polar orbit. After the satellite was placed in orbit, solar panels and SAR antenna were successfully deployed. This antenna would shortly be pointed at the earth, and by May 1, imaging operations were expected to be launched, he said.<br />
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According to ISRO scientists, once its on-board propulsion system raised the orbital altitude to 536 km, the satellite will begin its daily routine of 14 orbits with a repetitiv</div>
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e cycle of 25 days. During its mission life of five years, the RISAT-1 will use its active microwave remote sensing capability for cloud penetration and day-night imaging of the earth surface and provide critical data inputs for a range of agricultural and soil moisture studies and forestry applications. Among the many tasks the RISAT-1 can perform are paddy monitoring in kharif season, crop estimation and mapping of forestry biomass, besides providing the big picture on natural disasters such as flood and cyclone.</div>
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In the early hours of Thursday, the mission command centre at the ISRO's Satish Dhawan Space Centre here went through the customarily tense countdown leading to the lift-off. At precisely 5.47 a.m., the launch vehicle's core stage and a set of six strap-on motors ignited within seconds to signal the successful lift-off of the PSLV-C19, with the satellite firmly docked in its metal frames.<br />
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Jubilant scenes erupted at the mission command centre once the PSLV-C19 executed with programmed precision each of the four stages of ignition and separation in a flight of 18 minutes, and in one final push injected the RISAT-1 into orbit with an altitude of about 480 km.</div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
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<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
Prof. Yashpal and Prof. U.R. Rao, two of the doyens of India's space programme, were present to partake of the celebrations of what they described as a landmark event.</div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
The approved cost of the mission was Rs. 488 crore — the assembling of the satellite involved Rs. 378 crore and the rocket Rs.110 crore.</div>
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<a href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/multimedia/dynamic/01065/BL26_PSLV_1065028e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="453" id="il_fi" src="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/multimedia/dynamic/01065/BL26_PSLV_1065028e.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="318" /></a>The PSLV C-19 is the 21st flight in the PSLV series of satellite launches, the 20th consecutive successful launch and the third to involve the high-end version (PSLV-XL) equipped with six extended strap-on motors, each carrying 12 tonnes of solid propellant. The two earlier flights of the PSLV-XL were used to launch Chandrayaan-1 and the GSAT-12 communication satellite.</div>
</b></span></div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-42466387778609504872012-06-30T00:02:00.001-07:002012-06-30T00:02:18.338-07:00Back-firing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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" 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" style="height: 194px; width: 259px;" width="259" /></a><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Back-firing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;">
<i><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">If a cathode spot is accidently formed on an anode during
the part of the cycle when it is negative to the<span> </span>cathode , it will lose its valve action and
reverse<span> </span>current will flow. Such a fault
is called the arc-back or back-firing.</span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red;">
<br /></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-56944813010717738152012-06-30T00:00:00.003-07:002012-06-30T00:00:39.357-07:00Infinite bus bar<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Infinite bus bar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Infinite bus bar
represent a system of large capacity whose frequency and the phase and
magnitude of the voltage are not affected even if there is a variation of
excitation of a synchronous machine connected to it.</span></b></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-81057887852018336222012-06-30T00:00:00.001-07:002012-06-30T00:00:05.890-07:00Plugging<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<b><i><span style="font-size: x-large;">Plugging</span></i></b></h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSHxQrNdX4u_j7iY-mP7iZH_qGVHotlbUKvXxTouyTyeh7OLMbue4mpLFPh" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="220" data-width="224" height="220" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSHxQrNdX4u_j7iY-mP7iZH_qGVHotlbUKvXxTouyTyeh7OLMbue4mpLFPh" style="height: 220px; width: 224px;" width="224" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Plugging means stopping of an electric motor by
instantaneous<span> </span>reversing its torque till
it stops.</b></span></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-83105188218660688012012-06-29T23:57:00.001-07:002012-06-29T23:57:51.875-07:00Infinite bus bar<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">I</span></b></i><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">nfinite bus bar</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTiA-aMjkGWmuVE-szRanGYXkR1zvRn9yw5KL19tpka4LycELgi" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="194" data-width="259" height="299" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTiA-aMjkGWmuVE-szRanGYXkR1zvRn9yw5KL19tpka4LycELgi" style="height: 194px; width: 259px;" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: blue;">Infinite bus bar
represent a system of large capacity whose frequency and the phase and
magnitude of the voltage are not affected even if there is a variation of
excitation of a synchronous machine connected to it.</span><span><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></span></b></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-52037042330350433482012-06-21T21:27:00.001-07:002012-06-21T21:27:46.757-07:00Exciter<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Exciter</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">An exciter is a small dc generator to supply dc power to the
field magnet system or rotor of the alternator.</span></b></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-74814559494436947952012-06-21T21:05:00.000-07:002012-06-21T21:05:25.072-07:00Induction regulator<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Induction regulator</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTZJpTDm8TSOxD-ZLuzqDTQ6w_RRfH0DRuYnRxc5qolbh3K9sp40A" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="216" data-width="234" height="216" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTZJpTDm8TSOxD-ZLuzqDTQ6w_RRfH0DRuYnRxc5qolbh3K9sp40A" style="height: 216px; width: 234px;" width="234" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Induction regulator is similar to a booster transformer. It
has a primary and secondary windings. which<span>
</span>are wound on separate cores. the primary<span>
</span>can be moved in either direction;this is usually done by an electric
motor. The primary bucks or boosts the line voltage according to the position
of primary with respect to secondary</span></b></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-81671052727948593252012-06-21T20:57:00.000-07:002012-06-21T20:57:02.960-07:00Booster transformer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Booster transformer</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Booster transformer is one which is often used toward the
end of a power line in order to raise the voltage to its desired value.</b></span></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-44239725092299107862012-06-21T20:51:00.000-07:002012-06-21T20:51:57.169-07:00Split coil transformer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Split coil transformer </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQzdkz2ZJrD7ckEVARtZ700yY9leXzLPi38e4PGXu_9Hs4X9FYr" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="194" data-width="259" height="194" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQzdkz2ZJrD7ckEVARtZ700yY9leXzLPi38e4PGXu_9Hs4X9FYr" style="height: 194px; width: 259px;" width="259" /></a><i><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span> </span>A transformer that
has the coils on the low or high voltage side in separate windings so that they
can<span> </span>be connected in series or in
parallel for higher or lower voltages, as desired.</span></b></i></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-41533120996655705002012-06-21T20:50:00.001-07:002012-06-21T20:50:10.382-07:00GTO<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Gto<span> </span>means<span> </span>gate-turn-oof switch is a special thyristor
which can be turned on by a positive gate signal and can be turned off by a
negative<span> </span>gate<span> </span>signal.</span></b></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-1591612261533259272012-06-21T20:48:00.002-07:002012-06-21T20:48:16.860-07:00chopper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #38761d; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>chopper</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR_mBnf0ydRcADHpj7pMcF08USj3mFhXohVkygm_mGe84SXdkpVhA" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="183" data-width="275" height="183" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR_mBnf0ydRcADHpj7pMcF08USj3mFhXohVkygm_mGe84SXdkpVhA" style="height: 183px; width: 275px;" width="275" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>chopper is a<span> </span>circuit
in which thyristor is used to switch on supply to the load for a certain
interval and then switch off the supply for another certain interval.</b></span></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-51040107150516126102012-06-21T20:45:00.000-07:002012-06-21T20:45:27.238-07:00Freewheeling diodes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Freewheeling diodes</span></span></b></i></div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT_pB_N5aCPPzg53uwiceoJceiABivR0MVTSCSZE6Vk7iOjMnCg3w" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="271" data-width="186" height="271" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT_pB_N5aCPPzg53uwiceoJceiABivR0MVTSCSZE6Vk7iOjMnCg3w" style="height: 271px; width: 186px;" width="186" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Freewheeling diodes is a bypass or commutating diode. It is
connected across motor terminals to allow for dissipation of energy stored in
motor inductance and to provide for continuity of motor current when the
thyristors are blocked .it also provides protection against transient
overvoltages.</span></b></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-77453745713589997892012-06-21T20:44:00.001-07:002012-06-21T20:44:08.416-07:00Hot spot temperature<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Hot spot temperature</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></b><a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSHhPyFvKMG2-K0oWUC3urondi6ySRtTML_ZPzR1EYxrNNzTxag" imageanchor="1"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="205" data-width="246" height="205" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSHhPyFvKMG2-K0oWUC3urondi6ySRtTML_ZPzR1EYxrNNzTxag" style="height: 205px; width: 246px;" width="246" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Hot spot temperature is the temperature of that part<span> </span>of a machine<span>
</span>in which<span> </span>heat is produced and it
has the highest value.</span></b></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-45135387592616734282012-06-21T20:42:00.001-07:002012-06-21T20:42:07.255-07:00Difference between cumulative compound & differential compound wound motors<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #f1c232;">
<b><i><span style="font-size: x-large;">Difference<span>
</span>between<span> </span>cumulative<span> </span>compound<span>
</span>& differential compound<span> </span>wound
motors</span></i></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSGxlMzcc2WlljqRoGgR742ccigTZqQdIQibFC30vpR2BxsJpXY5Q" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="262" data-width="193" height="640" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSGxlMzcc2WlljqRoGgR742ccigTZqQdIQibFC30vpR2BxsJpXY5Q" style="height: 262px; width: 193px;" width="471" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span> </span>I<span style="color: #45818e;">n cumulative
compound wound dc motor the series
field assists the shunt field whereas in
differential compound wound motor series field opposes the shunt field</span></span></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-80017403530440076352012-06-21T20:38:00.006-07:002012-06-21T20:38:58.584-07:00Bad commutation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bad commutation</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSUepRiRrSQaZa5xwlL5TTn8vfQYZl-4-g0TjCW-dUg0gpNS0zxCA" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="194" data-width="259" height="194" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSUepRiRrSQaZa5xwlL5TTn8vfQYZl-4-g0TjCW-dUg0gpNS0zxCA" style="height: 194px; width: 259px;" width="259" /></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">A machine is said to have poor or bad commutation if<span> </span>there is sparking at the brushes and
commutator surface . the bad commutation may be caused by mechanical or
electrical<span> </span>conditions. The mechanical
conditions include uneven commutator<span>
</span>surface non uniform brush pressure, vibration of brushes in the brush
holders etc. the electrical condition include an increase in voltage between
the commutator segment , an increase in the current density at the trailing
edge of the brush etc.</span></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-61431651521959219772012-06-21T20:37:00.003-07:002012-06-21T20:37:43.598-07:00Commutation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Commutation </span></b></div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSO2jnUS9wJVCyWL1-IfV1bCNNezK9PaLQqohceddnnLAyKqn51ZQ" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="201" data-width="251" height="201" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSO2jnUS9wJVCyWL1-IfV1bCNNezK9PaLQqohceddnnLAyKqn51ZQ" style="height: 201px; width: 251px;" width="251" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRcSNplfQnq5KAy_Xl8ivXD1yydj1FxiEH7R_dEWz-vgcnDUiqdSw" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="175" data-width="289" height="175" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRcSNplfQnq5KAy_Xl8ivXD1yydj1FxiEH7R_dEWz-vgcnDUiqdSw" style="height: 175px; width: 289px;" width="289" /></a><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">The process of reversal of current in the armature coils
by<span> </span>means of brushes and commutator bars
is called the commutation process</span></b></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-62083735591164074592012-06-21T20:34:00.001-07:002012-06-21T20:35:42.442-07:00Energy balance equation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Energy balance equation </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">According to the principle of e</span></b><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">nergy conservation the energy
input to the electromechanical energy conversion device is equal to the summation of the useful output energy
, the energy converted into heat, and the change in the energy stored in the
magnetic/electric field </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Energy input from electrical<span>
</span>source = mechanical energy output + increase in energy stored in the
magnetic/electric field + energy converted into heat</span></b></div>
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</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-69569908755383138202012-06-21T20:32:00.000-07:002012-06-21T20:32:12.835-07:00Eddy current<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Eddy current </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Voltage induced in the core material by the alternating flux
causes circulating currents known as eddy current.</b></span></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-29177690938351140102012-06-21T20:29:00.002-07:002012-06-21T20:29:52.478-07:00Magnetic hysteresis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Magnetic<span> </span>hysteresis</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8ldWb_pIHygRcvpaUHaF62xmz_VBra1iqdDK7WYNh4L9QbP3J7w" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="245" data-width="206" height="245" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8ldWb_pIHygRcvpaUHaF62xmz_VBra1iqdDK7WYNh4L9QbP3J7w" style="height: 245px; width: 206px;" width="206" /></a><a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQD_tIuaUq0rbPnFtRhu6GOFfcablwbKB40AJ5xMYiUWK_kVhdmLA" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="259" data-width="194" height="400" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQD_tIuaUq0rbPnFtRhu6GOFfcablwbKB40AJ5xMYiUWK_kVhdmLA" style="height: 259px; width: 194px;" width="299" /></a><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">The phenomenon of lagging of magnetization or induction flux
density<span> </span>behind the magnetizing force is
known as<span> </span>Magnetic<span> </span>hysteresis</span></b></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-63707973803278816542012-06-21T20:27:00.001-07:002012-06-21T20:27:43.437-07:00Magnetostriction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Magnetostriction</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.greatplainsdieseltechnologies.com/Handler.ashx?Item_ID=013730D9-4B48-4AEA-A993-266F2F95A33C" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="601" id="il_fi" src="http://www.greatplainsdieseltechnologies.com/Handler.ashx?Item_ID=013730D9-4B48-4AEA-A993-266F2F95A33C" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSTHHksQBVdRYDGBdkNvYeLa4aV7E_VoF-AdL9-JYEXi-YSRK7U" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="251" data-width="201" height="400" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSTHHksQBVdRYDGBdkNvYeLa4aV7E_VoF-AdL9-JYEXi-YSRK7U" style="height: 251px; width: 201px;" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><b>When a ferromagnetic material is magnetized , its dimensions
change slightly , and the sample being magnetized either expands or contracts
in the direction of magnetization. This magnetically induced reversible elastic
strain<span> </span>is called magnetosriction and is
of the order of 10⁻⁶ . the<span> </span>energy<span> </span>due to the mechanical stresses created
by<span> </span>magnetostriction is called
magnetostrictive energy.</b></span></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-31157515215106362462012-06-08T23:10:00.001-07:002012-06-08T23:10:29.360-07:00Surge current protection using superconductor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: red;">Surge current protection
using superconductor</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>A Fault Current Limiter
(FCL) is a device which limits the prospective <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_current" title="Fault current">fault
current</a> when a fault occurs (eg in a power transmission network). The term
is generally applied to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting devices</a>, whereas
non-superconducting devices (such as simple inductors or variable resistors)
are typically termed Fault Current Controllers. (For example, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Ground fault circuit interrupter">ground fault circuit interrupter</a>
is commonly used in residential installations.)<o:p></o:p></b></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Summary</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Fault-current
limiters using high temperature superconductors offer a solution to controlling
fault-current levels on utility distribution and transmission networks. These
fault-current limiters, unlike reactors or high-impedance transformers, will
limit fault currents without adding impedance to the circuit during normal
operation. Development of superconducting fault-current limiters is being
pursued by several utilities and electrical manufacturers around the world, and
commercial equipment is expected to be available by the turn of the century.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Fault-Current Problem</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Electric
power system designers often face fault-current problems when expanding
existing buses. Larger transformers result in higher fault-duty levels, forcing
the replacement of existing buswork and switchgear not rated for the new fault
duty. Alternatively, the existing bus can be broken and served by two or more
smaller transformers. Another alternative is use of a single, large,
high-impedance transformer, resulting in degraded voltage regulation for all
the customers on the bus. The classic tradeoff between fault control, bus
capacity, and system stiffness has persisted for decades.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Other
common system changes can result in a fault control problem:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">in some areas, such as the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place>, additional
generation from cogenerators and independent power producers (IPPs) raises the
fault duty throughout a system <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">older but still operational equipment gradually becomes underrated
through system growth; some equipment, such as transformers in underground
vaults or cables, can be very expensive to replace <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">customers request parallel services that enhance the reliability
of their supply but raise the fault duty <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Superconductive FCL</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Superconductors
offer a way to break through system design constraints by presenting an
impedance to the electrical system that varies depending on operating
conditions. Superconducting fault-current limiters normally operate with low
impedance and are "invisible" components in the electrical system. In
the event of a fault, the limiter inserts impedance into the circuit and limits
the fault current. With current limiters, the utility can provide a
low-impedance, stiff system with a low fault-current level, as Fig. shows.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsR7cInQ0ZKn2nLiFh4tLlvez602yl13CUuxcHIEU1BPCtJy4tIWOdRdp2I3RIVKXFo1ThmWYKh3yW3MCVdh__rDDh1RJLf2LG6rBSNN4Z0H2xhcNNRSEQ5Km5Lkc0bFgPxgMyYYGInjPR/s1600/s11.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsR7cInQ0ZKn2nLiFh4tLlvez602yl13CUuxcHIEU1BPCtJy4tIWOdRdp2I3RIVKXFo1ThmWYKh3yW3MCVdh__rDDh1RJLf2LG6rBSNN4Z0H2xhcNNRSEQ5Km5Lkc0bFgPxgMyYYGInjPR/s640/s11.bmp" width="640" /></b></a></div>
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<b><a href="" name="f04_05"><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
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Fig. ‘ Fault control with a fault-current limiter.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>In
Fig. , a large, low-impedance transformer is used to feed a bus. Normally, the
FCL does not affect the circuit. In the event of a fault, the limiter develops
an impedance of 0.2 per unit (Z = 20%), and the fault current I<sub>SC</sub> is
reduced to 7,400 A. Without the limiter, the fault current would be 37,000 A.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The
development of high temperature superconductors (HTS) enables the development
of economical fault-current limiters. Superconducting fault-current limiters
were first studied over twenty years ago. The earliest designs used low
temperature superconductors (LTS), materials that lose all resistance at
temperatures a few degrees above absolute zero. LTS materials are generally
cooled with liquid helium, a substance both expensive and difficult to handle.
The discovery in 1986 of high temperature superconductors, which operate at
higher temperatures and can be cooled by relatively inexpensive liquid
nitrogen, renewed interest in superconducting fault-current limiters.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Think
of Fault Current Limiters (FCLs) as advanced and large-scale surge protectors
capable of protecting large portions of the electric power grid. Any homeowner
knows that surge protectors limit the damaging currents that can harm
plugged-in household devices. Simply put, FCLs can provide that same service
for electric utilities. These specially designed devices allow for
uninterrupted electrical service by limiting and regulating the amount of
current moving through the transmission and distribution systems under abnormal
conditions. <o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The
emerging technology of FCLs has the potential to save money for utilities and
increase efficiency for their customers by protecting equipment from damage and
avoiding interruptions and outages. As the demand and sources for electricity
rise, utilities are grappling with the challenge of more frequent and larger
"fault currents."<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Blackouts
cost the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region></st1:place>
economy somewhere between $104 billion and $164 billion annually, according to
figures from the Electric Power Research Institute. EPRI's research, conducted
in 2001, was compiled by the Consortium for Electric Infrastructure to Support
a Digital Society (CEIDS) (PDF 581 KB). Utilities fear outages caused by fault
currents could become more common as the demand for electricity continues to
grow, especially in urban centers. The risk of larger fault currents also grows
as more and more power sources are fed into the grid.<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>For
instance, almost half of the states have mandates requiring the grid to handle
significant boosts in the amount of energy from renewable sources such as solar
and wind. These renewable energy sources are often connected in large numbers
at specific locations in the electrical grid and can produce fault currents in
excess of local limits.<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Interest
in advancing the use of FCLs is growing as utilities and the Department of
Energy collaborate with manufacturers, national laboratories, and other
stakeholders to modernize, expand and increase the capabilities of the nation's
stretched-to-capacity electric grid. FCLs have the potential to play a pivotal
role in transforming the current grid into the DOE's vision for a smart and
more efficient grid.<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br />
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Electrical System Operating Normally and During a Fault"
style='width:279pt;height:131.25pt'>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>During
a ground fault, an FCL safely mitigates excess energy and prevents damage by
switching to a high impedance state, which would normally affect utility
transmission and distribution equipment. <o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Developed by ABB Corporate Research in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Baden-Dättwil</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Switzerland</st1:country-region></st1:place>,
the current limiter takes advantage of the unique ability of superconductors to
transmit electricity without losses when cooled below a certain temperature and
when the electric current is below a certain threshold level. When a short
circuit occurs, the electrical current immediately rises above the critical
value, which effectively 'shuts off' the current limiter's superconductivity. The
resistance of the current limiter then instantly increases and reduces the
current surge caused by the short circuit.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh09KpP210DwDe2nuT5_iVX3R0BLc2y4t67ehzsEguEnqebhyphenhyphenKvyv1GziI8n3gXBu9H2m3_MasYMKhxezaxWqD8pJycA9YHTbvz37DZkLRgfES9FwhTodrzu4nSuoJJg3VJAyIUb6xPxI33/s1600/s9.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh09KpP210DwDe2nuT5_iVX3R0BLc2y4t67ehzsEguEnqebhyphenhyphenKvyv1GziI8n3gXBu9H2m3_MasYMKhxezaxWqD8pJycA9YHTbvz37DZkLRgfES9FwhTodrzu4nSuoJJg3VJAyIUb6xPxI33/s640/s9.bmp" width="640" /></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Superconductive Fault-Current Limiter Concepts<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">The Series Resistive Limiter</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The
simplest superconducting limiter concept, the series resistive limiter,
exploits the nonlinear resistance of superconductors in a direct way. A
superconductor is inserted in the circuit. For a full-load current of I<sub>FL</sub>,
the superconductor would be designed to have a critical current of 2I<sub>FL</sub>
or 3I<sub>FL</sub>. During a fault, the fault current pushes the superconductor
into a resistive state and resistance R appears in the circuit.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The
superconductor in its resistive state can also be used as a trigger coil,
pushing the bulk of the fault current through a resistor or inductor. The
advantage of this configuration, shown in Fig. is that it limits the energy that must be
absorbed by the superconductor.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><a href="" name="f04_09"><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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Fig. Fault-current limiter with HTS
trigger coil.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The
fault-current limiter FCL normally is a short across the copper inductive or
resistive element Z. During a fault, the resistance developed in the limiter
shunts the current through Z, which absorbs most of the fault energy.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The
trigger coil approach is appropriate for transmission line applications, where
tens of megawatt-seconds would be absorbed in a series resistive limiter. The
trigger coillconfiguration also allows an impedance of any phase angle, from
purely resistive to almost purely inductive, to be inserted in the line.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">The Inductive Limiter</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Another
concept uses a resistive limiter on a transformer secondary, with the primary
in series in the circuit. This concept, illustrated in Fig. yields a limiter suitable for high-current
circuits (I<sub>L</sub> > 1000 A). One phase of the limiter is shown. A
copper winding W<sub>Cu</sub> is inserted in the circuit and is coupled to an
HTS winding W<sub>HTS</sub>. During normal operation, a zero impedance is
reflected to the primary. Resistance developed in the HTS winding during a
fault is reflected to the primary and limits the fault.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The
inductive limiter can be modeled as a transformer. The impedance of this
limiter in the steady state is nearly zero, since the zero impedance of the
secondary (HTS) winding is reflected to the primary. In the event of a fault,
the large current in the circuit induces a large current in the secondary and
the winding loses superconductivity. The resistance in the secondary is
reflected into the circuit and limits the fault.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOUFEyxPxAY8DPmM-niiko15By85hbSEXxYccK964CB6aDN9ZaneCrVd2ulJDNN8fNUJyOHaA2fj4VPEwUjsW661GskMHPCuREqW8FilGamK9mC6sopeyR8wkszMqNYD1VujeXhzllDxP3/s1600/s7.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOUFEyxPxAY8DPmM-niiko15By85hbSEXxYccK964CB6aDN9ZaneCrVd2ulJDNN8fNUJyOHaA2fj4VPEwUjsW661GskMHPCuREqW8FilGamK9mC6sopeyR8wkszMqNYD1VujeXhzllDxP3/s640/s7.bmp" width="640" /></b></a></div>
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Fig. Inductive fault-current limiter.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<h1>
<o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Inductive Fault Current Limiters for Grid
Protection<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">50% reduction
of fault currents – ¼ cycle reaction time – handles long duration faults and
breaker reclosure attempts<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<b>Fault tolerance is an increasingly important issue in power grid
operation. Zenergy Power’s Fault Current Limiters protect power grids against
damaging power surges caused by short circuits or lightning strikes while maintaining
a disruption-free downstream power supply. Inductive Fault Current Limiters
provide power grid operators with a new solution for grid reliability,
cost-efficient grid expansion, and integration of distributed generation
sources</b><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Inherently failsafe
inductive limitation of fault currents without interruption in
downstream power supply; </b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Entirely passive and
self-triggered </b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Failsafe limitation of
multiple faults; automatic recovery after each event </b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Improved operational
reliability in fully-stretched grids; </b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Greatly reduced risk
of large scale blackout due to cascading grid failures following a fault
event </b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Standard solution for
cost-efficient grid expansion; </b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Deferred replacement
of substation equipment </b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Simplified integration
of distributed power generation into the network infrastructure. </b></li>
</ul>
<b> Zenergy Power’s Fault Current Limiter has been put into regular
operation in the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United
States</st1:country-region>’ power grid in March 2009. Southern
California Edison is the first electric utility company in the <st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place>
to use the device for protecting a distribution circuit of its medium voltage
grid.</b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Fits in the grid without any <br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Fault-Current Limiter Applications</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Fault-current
limiters can be applied in a number of distribution or transmission areas.
Three main applications areas are <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">. Fault-current limiter in the main position. The fault-current
limiter FCL protects the entire bus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>2. Fault-current limiter in the feeder position. The fault-current limiter
FCL protects an individual circuit on the bus. Underrated equipment can be
selectively protected as needed in this manner.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>3 Fault-current limiter in the bus-tie position. The two buses are tied, yet a
faulted bus receives the full fault current of only one transformer.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>. Fault-current limiter in the
main position. The fault-current limiter FCL protects the entire bus.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The
most direct application of a fault-current limiter is in the main position on a
bus (Fig. ). Benefits of an FCL in this application include the following:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
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without breaker upgrades <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">a large, low impedance transformer can be used to maintain voltage
regulation at the new power level <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">I<sup>2</sup>t damage to the transformer is limited <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">reduced fault-current flows in the high-voltage circuit that feeds
the transformer, which minimizes the voltage dip on the upstream high-voltage
bus during a fault on the medium-voltage bus <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Fault-current limiter in the feeder position. The fault-current
limiter FCL protects an individual circuit on the bus. Underrated equipment can
be selectively protected as needed in this manner.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<a href="" name="f04_07"><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>40MVA<o:p></o:p></b></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>TRANSFORMER<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>An
FCL can also be used to protect individual loads on the bus (Fig.). The
selective application of small and less expensive limiters can be used to
protect old or overstressed equipment that is difficult to replace, such as
underground cables or transformers in vaults.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>. Fault-current limiter in the
bus-tie position. The two buses are tied, yet a faulted bus receives the full
fault current of only one transformer.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>40MVA
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">LOAD</span><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, serif; text-align: justify;">An FCL can be used in the bus-tie position (Fig. ). Such a limiter would require only a small load current rating but would deliver the following benefits:</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">separate buses can be tied together without a large increase in the fault duty on either bus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">during a fault, a large voltage drop across the limiter maintains voltage level on the unfaulted bus</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">HTS
LEADS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>HTS
current leads represent the first large-scale application of high temperature
superconductivity. This has occurred because even modest current density HTS
material can be used to provide a significant reduction in the parasitic heat
conducted into a cryogenic environment via the electrical leads used to provide
current to the device. Fig. illustrates
a typical application.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhro0BJp_bz_KFzrVHQG0jm-80Cl8x00fifoE3113vLJFC5ovf12DYRBM7I29vTKOKrd0YMgPU-P1ZP6QhPH4X8VtE4w58oOzHr1JJ8y9HDiWU_WTkR13D20HT4ssctjEnoWDtVayqJfzrf/s1600/s2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhro0BJp_bz_KFzrVHQG0jm-80Cl8x00fifoE3113vLJFC5ovf12DYRBM7I29vTKOKrd0YMgPU-P1ZP6QhPH4X8VtE4w58oOzHr1JJ8y9HDiWU_WTkR13D20HT4ssctjEnoWDtVayqJfzrf/s640/s2.bmp" width="640" /></b></a><b><a href="" name="f04_16"></a><a href="http://www.wtec.org/loyola/scpa/fh04_16.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033"
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Fig. . A conduction-cooled HTS magnet system used for magnetic separation,
illustrating the use of HTS current leads to reduce heat load (LANL).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>There
are three classes of applications where HTS leads are seeing rapid
introduction:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">high current LTS magnets cooled
by liquid helium <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">conduction-cooled LTS magnets <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">conduction-cooled HTS magnets <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">HTS Lead Technologies</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>There
are two basic technologies for HTS leads: bulk rods of ceramic superconductor,
and metal matrix superconducting composites. Both have developed to the point
that they are offered for commercial sale. There are advantages and
disadvantages to each.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red;">Bulk
ceramic leads</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red;">
</span>: are made by a variety of methods and of a number of different HTS materials,
but the primary objectives are the same: to achieve a rugged ceramic structure
with high critical current and low-resistance connections. The advantage of
this approach is that the ceramics have intrinsically low thermal conductivity,
so that leads may be made quite short for easier integration in the system. The
disadvantages are that the ceramic rods are susceptible to breakage during
installation, during operation, and (like the bulk structures used in
fault-current limiters) during temperature excursions caused by driving the
lead normal. In addition, it has proven difficult to provide very low
resistance connections between the ceramic superconductor and the metallic
connections at the ends of the leads. These disadvantages have been mitigated
by careful system design in a number of magnets, and successful systems have
been built using bulk leads.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red;">Metal
matrix composite leads</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red;"> </span>: essentially use the powder-in-tube technology used for BSCCO
wire to manufacture a wire or tape incorporating a low thermal conductivity
metal or alloy in place of the customary silver matrix. This approach has
employed only Bi-2223 superconductor. The advantages of metallic leads are
intrinsic ruggedness, high tolerance to thermal excursions, and very low
contact resistances. These advantages are to be balanced against the
disadvantage of the somewhat higher thermal conductivity of the composite
material, which requires that a longer lead assembly be used to achieve heat
leaks comparable to bulk leads.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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. Bulk HTS leads manufactured by Furukawa Electric.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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. Metal matrix HTS leads manufactured by American Superconductor Corp.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="editsection"><span lang="EN"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">QUENCHING OF SUPERCONDUCTORES</span><span class="editsection" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">A
superconductor when operated with in a certain temperature and external
magnetic field range<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"> critical temperature –Tc<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"> critical magnetic field-Hc<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"> exhibits no electrical resistance if the current flowing through it is below a
certain threshold critical current level –Jc and is said to be in
superconducting state<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">However
if the current exceeds this critical current level the superconductor will
undergo transition from its superconducting state to a normal resistive state
takesplace .this transition is termed as quenching.<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="editsection"><span lang="EN"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></h2>
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<h2>
<span lang="EN"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> <span class="mw-headline">Development</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<span lang="EN"><b>FCLs are under active
development. In 2007, there were at least six national and international
projects using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_diboride" title="Magnesium diboride">magnesium diboride</a> wire or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YBCO" title="YBCO">YBCO</a> tape, and two
using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSCCO" title="BSCCO">BSCCO</a>-2212
rods. Countries active in FCL development are <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>,
the <st1:country-region w:st="on">UK</st1:country-region>, the <st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Korea</st1:country-region>
and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
In 2007, the US Department of Energy spent $29m on three FCL development
projects.<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN"><b>Low temperature superconductors
cannot be used for commercial FCLs as the AC losses at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid
helium</a> temperatures mean that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenic
cooling</a> cost makes the whole device uneconomic.<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN"><b>First applications for FCLs are
likely to be in electric-drive ships: naval vessels, submarines and cruise
ships. Many more FCLs will eventually be used to help control land-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distribution" title="Electricity distribution">electricity distribution</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">transmission</a> systems.<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><br />
World's highest-rated superconducting current limiter</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br />
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alt="" style='width:396pt;height:232.5pt'>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.2 MVA SCFCL in powerplant "Löntsch" (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Nordostschweizerische Kraftwerke</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Switzerland</st1:country-region></st1:place>)</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The
new current limiter is the world's first superconducting device to go into
service in a power plant. The prototype was installed in the Löntsch
hydropower plant, near Glarus in central <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Switzerland</st1:country-region></st1:place>, in September 1996
for long-term performance monitoring under actual operating conditions.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Japanese FCL Program</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The
driving factors for current limiters in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region>
are somewhat different from those in the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United
States</st1:country-region>, given that IPPs and cogenerators are not as
prevalent in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
Rather, the demand for power in Japanese metropolitan areas continues to grow
because of economic growth and increased consumer use of electricity. In
addition, industrial use of computers and other power-quality-sensitive
equipment has forced the utilities to provide higher quality and more reliable
power. The quite successful approach to improved power quality in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place>
has been to increase connections between various power systems and to
concentrate generation capacity in larger, more efficient units. Increasing
interconnection does, however, increase the maximum fault current available at
any point in the system, and this is rapidly leading to the need for breaker
upgrades and system reconfigurations. Adding to the complexity of the situation
in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place>
is the limited room at substation sites, which can preclude breaker upgrades.
The primary need, as expressed by management of the Tokyo Electric Power
Company (TEPCO), is for a limiter for the nucleus of the Japanese transmission
system, the 500 kV transmission grid.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>In
response to this real market pull there has been a series of programs to
develop fault-current limiters using a variety of methods, with recent focus on
superconducting limiters (Nakade 1994). Although FCLs are not a component of
the NEDO budget, TEPCO has reported that it spends about ¥100 million per year
(~$1 million) on this program, and some resistive FCL work is apparently
included in the NEDO budget under the topic "Research of Superconducting
Materials and Devices."<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>In
the late 1980s, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Seikei</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> manufactured a
small-scale three-phase current-limiting reactor and demonstrated successful
operation. This three-phase system introduces a large unbalanced reactance in
the system to limit currents in the case of a single-phase short and quenches
to introduce resistance in the circuit in the case of a three-phase fault.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Mitsubishi
Electric Company (MELCO) has been participating in a MITI/NEDO FCL program
since 1990. This is a resistive limiter approach using HTS films on a strontium
titanate substrate that has demonstrated limiting of 400 A currents to 11.3 A.
The Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) has
developed the inductive limiter shown in Fig. 4.11 (Ichikawa and Okazaki 1995).
This approach, similar to those of ABB and Siemens-Hydro Quebec, uses a
cylinder of bulk BSCCO-2212 or BSCCO-2223 to separate a normal copper coil from
an iron core. In normal operation, the field from the copper coil does not
penetrate the superconductor; under fault conditions, however, the current
induced in the superconductor is sufficient to drive it normal, and the
magnetic field links the iron yoke. This greatly increases the inductance of
the copper coil, thus providing current limiting. CRIEPI work has focused on ac
magnetic shielding performance of bulk superconductors and their responses to
fault currents. In addition, introduction of a "control ring" in the system
to absorb some of the energy deposited during a fault has reduced the cooldown
time of the shield following a faulted state.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>. Schematic diagram of the CRIEPI
inductive FCL (Ichikawa and Okazaki 1995).<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The
most extensive FCL program in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place>
has been the collaboration between TEPCO and Toshiba. The long-term goal of
this program is the development of a 500 kV limiter with a rated current of
8,000 A. Initial development has been focused on a distribution-level limiter
designed for 6.6 kV.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>As
shown in Fig. , the FCL is formed by connecting four superconducting coils in a
series-parallel configuration so the total inductance is minimized. One set of
coils is used for each phase of the device, and limiting is accomplished by
quenching the coils. The current version of the FCL shown in Fig. 4.13 uses a
special low ac loss Nb-Ti conductor. Tests in a circuit with a nominal short
circuit current of 25.8 kA have successfully demonstrated limiting to about
4,000 amps <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:225pt;height:147.75pt'>
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Fig. 4.12. Configuration of coils in the TEPCO/Toshiba FCL (Nakade 1994, 34).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Fig. 4.13. Exterior view of the 6.6 kV 2,000 A-class current limiter. The coil
is 420 mm in diameter and 640 mm long (Nakade 1994, 35).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Current limiting
characteristics of Toshiba FCL shown in Fig. 4.13 (Nakade 1994, 35).<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Recent
work has included the introduction of HTS current leads to reduce the
refrigeration load of the system to levels that can be handled by a 4 K Gifford
McMahon refrigerator. Over three generations of the device, the heat leak has
been reduced from 13.8 watts to 3.4 watts, which is nearing the required level.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Conclushion</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="EN"><b>Electric
power disruptions cause hundreds of millions of dollars worth of economic loss
every year to the world’s leading economies. Worldwide energy demand is
increasing rapidly, requiring new solutions to dramatically improve the
reliability of our energy supply. Fault Current Limiters are new devices, using
the unique electrical properties of <a href="http://www.advancedsupercon.com/hts.html">HTS</a> to almost
instantaneously protect power grids against short circuits and thereby prevent
costly outages. They are a key member of a family of ultra-fast HTS devices and
machines used for conditioning electrical power.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<h3>
<span lang="EN"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Benefits</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN"><b><br />
In comparison to conventional technology, HTS fault current limitters provide<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN"><b>Over 100 times faster response time <o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN"><b>10 to 20 times shorter recovery time <o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN"><b>Time-adjustable response functions <o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN"><b>1000 times the number of full-power
protection cycles<o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
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</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-3812302785000547472012-06-08T01:24:00.001-07:002012-06-08T01:24:54.379-07:00project on advanced monitoring system for gis substation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER 1<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1
OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G.I.S
substations are preferred in cosmopolitan cities, industrial townships etc
where cost of land is very high and cost of G.I.S is justified by saving due to
reduction in floor area requirements. In these substations, sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used in switchgear as insulating and arc quenching
media. Various components like circuit breakers, busbars, disconnectors,
current transformers, voltage transformers, earthing switches etc. are housed
in metal modules filled with SF6 gas.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> As the dielectric strength of SF6 gas is
higher than air, the overall size of each equipment and the complete substation
is reduced to about 10% of conventional air insulated substations. When a
typical 220KV substation of 5 breaker ring bus arrangement occupies an overall
area of 100m*40m, the GIS for the same arrangement will require only 24m*9m
area. To reduction in site are will be by 19/20 of the conventional substation.
Volume wise it is only 1/60 of the conventional substations. The various
modules are factory assembled are filled with SF6 gas. Such substations are
compact and can be installed conveniently on any floor of a multistoried
building or in underground substations. All the main elements of the substation
area are completely enclosed in SF6 installation, which include circuit
breakers, loadbreak switches, isolators, earth switches, current transformers,
potential transformers, busbars, coupling capacitors and SF6 lead out bushing
insulators for connection to overhead lines, transformers or other external
equipments. Equipments such as transformers, shunt reactors, shunt capacitors,
carrier communication, line traps etc. are not part of the SF6 insulated
system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> During the last 35 years many GIS have
been installed and successfully operated worldwide. In India the first G.I.S
was installed in Mumbai more than 15 years ago and now a large numbers of units
are either in operation or in the process of being commissioned. Now G.I.S
substations are available from voltage ranges, 72.5KV to 1100KV in all types of
busbar arrangements. In Kerala, at Thiruvanthapuram two GIS substations are
installed and are under working conditions at Power house and LA complex. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">From the load study
conducted in Kollam city, we can see that, the present load is 43MVA and the
load rises by about 6% annually. Moreover the number of power interruptions can
be reduced to a great extent if we set up a <b>G.I.S</b> substation in Kollam city. With the existing system voltage
drop is also very high which can be minimized if the proposed system is set up.
Unlike a conventional substation which needs acres of land; and that too in the
heart part of the city which is almost impossible in the current situation, a
G.I.S substation which occupies only 10% space compared to a conventional
substation is adequate. Hence the objective is to <b>design a 110KV substation in the powerhouse compound of Kollam city
with an advanced control room.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kollam city is a
Municipal Corporation in Kollam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It lies
71 Km north of the state capital Thiruvanathapuram. It is also the headquarters
of the Kollam District, one among the 14 districts in the state of Kerala. It is
bound on south by Thiruvanathapuram district, on the north by Pathanamthitta
and Alappuzha, on the east by Tamil Nadu and on the west by the Arabian Sea.
The town is very famous for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is the
southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala, and thus, a prominent tourist
destination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The geographical coordinates for Kollam
are 9.28’45° N 76.28’0° E. The district covers an area of 2,492 km² and ranks
seventh in the State with respect to area. Kollam like other districts in the
state is moderately industrialized. Some of the major employers in the public
sector are Indian Rare Earth (IRE), Kerala Metals and Minerals Limited at
Chavara; United Electrical Industries (popularly known as the Meter Company)
and Parvathi Spinning Mills at Kollam. Cashew processing and coir production
are the two most important sources of employment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">MAP
OF KOLLAM CITY</span></u></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2
SWITCH GEAR COMPONENTS OF A SUBSTATION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> During the operation of the power system
the generating plants, transmission lines, distributors and other electrical
equipments are required to be switched on or off under both normal and abnormal
operating conditions. The apparatus including its associated auxiliaries
employed for controlling, regulating or switching on or off the electrical
circuits in the electrical power system is known as switch gear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> With the advancement of electrical power
systems, the lines and other equipment operate at very high voltage and carry
large current. Whenever a short-circuit occurs, a heavy current flows through
the equipment causing considerable damage to the equipment and interruption of
service, so in order to protect the lines, generators, transformers and other
electrical equipment from damage automatic protective device or switchgear is
required.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.1 SWITCHES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A switch is used in an electric circuit
as a device for making or breaking the electric circuit in a convenient way
i.e. by the simple motion of a knob or handle to connect together or disconnect
two terminals to which wires or cables are connected. The switches may be
classified into<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
switches<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> i)Air-break switches<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ii)Oil switches<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oil
switch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> As their names imply, air switches are
those whose contacts are opened in air, while oil switches are those whose
contacts are opened under oil. Oil switches are usually employed in very high
voltage heavy current circuits. Air switches are further classified as
air-break switches and isolators (or disconnector switches).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">i) AIR-BREAK SWITCHES:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The air break switch has both the blade
and the contact equipped with arcing horns. Arcing horns are piece of metal
between which the arc resulting from opening a circuit carrying current is
allowed to form. As the switch opens, these horns are spread father apart and
the arc is lengthened until it finally breaks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Air-break switches are of several
designs. Some are operated from the ground by a hook on the end of a long
insulated stick: some others through a system of linkage are opened by a crank
at the foot of the pole. Where more than one conductor is opened, there may be
several switches mounted on the same pole. These may be opened singly or
altogether in a “gang” as this system is called. Some switches are mounted so
that the blade opens download and these may be provided with latches to keep
the knife blade from jarring open.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ii)ISOLATORS:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Isolators (or disconnect switches) are
not equipped with arc quenching device and therefore not used to open circuits
carrying current. As the isolator isolates one portion of the circuit from
another and is not intended to be opened while current is flowing. Isolators
must be opened until the circuit is interrupted be some other means. If an
isolator is opened carelessly, when carrying a heavy current, the resulting arc
could easily cause a flash over to earth. This may shatter the supporting
insulators and may even cause a fatal accident to the operator, particularly in
high voltage circuits. While closing a circuit, the isolators is closed first,
then circuit breaker. Isolators are necessary on supply side of circuit
breakers in order to ensure isolation (disconnection) of the circuit breaker
from the lie parts for the purpose of maintenance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2 PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Protective equipment is an extremely
important item in system design it is installed to function under abnormal conditions to prevent
failure or isolate trouble and limit its effect. It must function reliably and
quickly. It should be selected for greatest reliability, speed of operation,
and simplicity and should be consistent with the system design.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2.1 CIRCUIT
BREAKERS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A circuit breaker is a
mechanical device designed to close or open contact members, thus closing or
opening an electrical circuit under normal or abnormal conditions. It is so
designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal
conditions and automatically under fault conditions. An automatic circuit
breaker is equipped with a trip coil connected to a relay or other means, designed
to open or break is closed, considerable energy is stored in the springs. The
contacts are held together by means of toggles. To open the circuit breaker,
only a small pressure is required to be applied on a trigger. When the trigger
is actuated by the protective relay, it trips and the potential energy of the
springs is released and the contacts open in a fraction of seconds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A
circuit breaker must carry normal load currents without over heating or damage
and must quickly open short-circuit currents without serious damage to itself
and with a minimum burning of contacts. Circuit breakers are rated in maximum
voltage, maximum continuous current carrying capacity, maximum interrupting
capacity and maximum momentary and 4 second current carrying capacity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The breakers are provided with operating
mechanisms which are in turn, actuated by power supplied through suitable
relays. In indoor substations, breakers of high rupturing capacities are
enclosed in fire-proof compartments. Lift-up or draw out type breakers which
incorporate a disconnect feature on each side are the most common in design and
applications. Air circuit breakers are often employed instead upto 15KV in
these units and oil recloser is sometimes employed to cut down the cost in small
rural substations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Thus
the functions of a circuit breaker are<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">To carry full-load current continuously.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">To open and close the circuit on load.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">To make and break the normal operating
current.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">To make and break the short-circuit
current of magnitude upto which it is designed</span> for.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2.2 PROTECTIVE
RELAYS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The
protective relay is an electrical device interposed between the main circuit
and the circuit breaker in such a manner that any abnormality in the circuit
acts on the relay, which in turn, if the abnormality is if a dangerous
character, causes the breaker to open and so it isolate the faulty element. The
protective relay ensure the safety of the circuit equipment from any damages
which might otherwise caused by the fault.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensing
element,</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sometimes also called the measuring elements,
responds to the change in the actuating quantity, the current in a protected
system in case of over-current relay.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Comparing
element </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sieves to compare the action of the actuating
quantity on the relay with a pre-selected relay setting.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Control
element </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">on a pick of the relay, accomplishes a sudden change
in the control quantity such as closing of the operative current circuit.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2.3 CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS (CT’s)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> These instrument transformers are
connected in newer circuits to feed the current coils of indicating and
metering instrument (ammeter, wattmeter and watt-hour meters) and protective
relays. Thus the CT’s broaden the limits of measurements and maintain a watch
over the currents flowing in the circuit and over the power loads. In high voltage
installations CT’s in addition to above also isolate the metering instruments
from high voltage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The current transformers basically
consist of an iron-core on which are wound a primary and one or two secondary
windings. The primary is directly inserted in the power circuit (the circuit in
which current is to be measured) and to the secondary winding or windings the
indicating and metering instruments and relays are connected. When the rated
current of CT flows through its primary winding a current of 5 ampere will
appear in its secondary winding. The primary winding is usually single turn
winding and the number of turns on secondary winding depends upon the power circuit
current to be measured. The larger current to be measured more the numbers of
turns on secondary. The ratio of primary current to the secondary current is
known as transformation ratio of CT.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The current transformers are rated for
rated voltage of the installation, the rated currents of the primary and
secondary windings and the accuracy class. The accuracy class indicates the
limit of the error in percentage of the rated turns ratio of the given current
transformer. Current transformers are available in the accuracy classes 0.5, 1,
3 and 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2.4 POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMERS (PT’s)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The potential
transformers are employed for voltages above 380 volts to feed the potential
coils of indicating and metering instruments (voltmeters, wattmeters, watt-hour
meters) and relays. The transformers make the ordinary low voltage instruments
suitable for measurement of high voltage and isolate them from high voltage.
The primary winding of the potential transformer is connected to the main
bus-bars of the switchgear installation and to the secondary winding, various
indicating and metering instruments and relays are connected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> When the rated high voltage is applied to
the primary of a PT, the voltage of 110volts appears across the secondary
winding. The ratio of the rated primary voltage to the rated secondary voltage
is known as turns transformation ratio. The potential transformers are rated
secondary are rated for primary and secondary rated voltage accuracy class,
number of phases and system of cooling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2.5 LIGHTNING
ARRESTERS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The lightning arrester
is a surge diverter and is used for the protection of power system against the
high voltage surges. It is connected between the line and earth and so diverts
the incoming high voltage wave to the earth. Lightning arresters act as safely
valves designed to discharge electric surge resulting from lightning strokes,
switching or other disturbances, which would otherwise flashover insulators or
puncture insulation, resulting in a line outage and possible failure of
equipment. They are designed to absorb enough transient energy to prevent
dangerous reflections and to cut off the flow of power frequency follow (or
dynamic) current at the first current zero after the discharge of the
transient. They include one or more sets of gaps to establish the breakdown
voltage, aid in interrupting the power follow current, and prevent any flow of
current under normal conditions (except that step shunting resistors, when used
to assure equal distribution of voltage across the gaps permits a very small
leakage current). Either resistance (valve) elements to limit the power follow
current to values the gaps can interrupt, or an additional arc extinguishing
chamber to interrupt the power follow current are connected in series with
gaps. Arresters have a short time lag of breakdown compared with the insulation
of apparatus the breakdown voltage being nearly independent of the steepness of
the wave front.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Transmission
line </b>is protected from direct strokes by running a conductor known as
ground wire, over the towers or poles and earthed at regular intervals
preferably at every pole/tower.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Substations,
interconnectors</b> and <b>power houses</b>
are protected from direct strokes by earthing screen that consists of a network
of copper conductors, earthed atleast on two points, overall the electrical
equipment in the substation. The ground wire or earthing screen does not
provide protection against the high voltage waves reaching the terminal
equipment, so some protective devices are necessary to provide protection to
power stations, substations and transmission lines against the voltage wave
reaching there. The most common device used for the protection of the power
system against the high voltage surge is surge diverter which is connected
between line and earth and so diverts the incoming high voltage wave to earth.
Such a diverter is also called the lighting arrester.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Different
types of gaps and lightning arresters (rod gap, horn gap, electrolytic
arrester, oxide film arrester, thyrite arrester, expulsion type lightning
arrester, valve type lightning arrester) etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2.6
EARTHING OF POWER SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The term ‘earthing’ means connecting of
non-current carrying part of the electrical equipment or the neutral point of
the supply system to the general mass of earth in such a manner that at all
times an immediate discharge of electrical energy takes place without danger. The earthing is provided with the following
objective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For the safety of equipment and
personnel lighting and voltage surges providing the discharge path for
lightning arresters, gaps and similar devices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For providing ground connections for
ground neutral systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For providing a means of positively
discharging and de-energizing feeders or equipment before proceeding with
maintenance on them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For safety of personnel from the
electric shock ensuring that non-current carrying parts, such as equipment
frames are always safely at ground potential even though insulation fails.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Grounding of power systems is highly
important. A substantial and adequate ground that will not burn off or permit
dangerous rise in voltage under abnormal conditions is essential. Extensive
damage and dangerous conditions have arisen when inadequate grounds have been
provided. Multiple ground and multiple connections to them are usually
desirable to ensure ground protections, even though one ground or connection
opens owing to burn-off or other conditions such as high resistance. The
station earthing system should have low resistance. The station earthing system
should have low resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The earthing can be divided into neutral
and equipment earthing .Neutral earthing (or grounding) deals with the earthing
of the system neutral to ensure system security and protection. Neutral earthing
is also called the system earthing. Equipment earthing or safety earthing deals
with earthing of non- current carrying parts
of the equipment ensures safety of potential and protection against
lightning. Equipment earthing also helps in earth fault protection. The earthed
parts remain at approximately earth potential even during flow of fault
current.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In neutral earthing, the points (star
point) of star connected 3-phase winding of power transformers, generators,
motors, earthing transformers are connected to low resistance ground. The chief
advantage s of neutral earthing are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persistence arching ground can be
eliminated by employing suitable protective gear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Earth fault can be utilized to operate
protective relays to isolate the fault.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The voltage of healthy phases remains
nearly constant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Induced static charges are conducted to
earth without disturbance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">There is a possibility of installing
discriminative protective gears on such systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This system gives reliable service and
greater safety to personnel’s and equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maintenance and operating cost of such
systems over isolated system is comparably less.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2.7 CONTROL ROOMS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The control room (or the remaining room)
is the nerve center of a power station. The various controls preferred from
here are voltage adjustment load control, emergency tripping of turbines etc. and
the equipment and instruments housed in a control room are synchronizing equipment
isolators, relays, ammeter and watt meters, KWh meters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The location of control room in relation
to other sections of the power station is also very important. It should be
located away from the source of noise and should be near the switch house so as
to save multi-core cables used for interconnection of course, if there is any
fire in switch house, the control room should remain unaffected. Also here
should be access from the control room to the turbine house. The control room
should be neat and clean, well-ventilated, well lighted and free from droughts.
There should be no glare and the colour scheme should be soothing to eyes. The
instrument should have scales clearly marked and properly calibrated and all
the apparatus and circuit should be labeled so that they are clearly visible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">* *
* * *<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER 2</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">STUDY OF GIS SUBSTATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo69; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Substations
where gas is used in the switchgear as switching medium, insulating medium and
as arc quenching medium are called G.I.S. substation. SF6 gas is used for this
purpose due to its chemical and thermal characteristics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo69; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">MAIN
FEATURES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 44.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo70; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Single phase enclosed design.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Small dimensions allowing economical
space saving.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indoor and outdoor applications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">High reliability in service, independent
of ambient influences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Flexibility and optimal arrangement of
equipment, assured by highly modular element system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Light weight, gas tight aluminum
enclosures with low electrical losses and corrosion resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Earthed enclosures assuring maximal
protection against electrical shock for the operating personnel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Low maintenance and long service life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Environmental friendly behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Epoxy resin barrier and support
insulators.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Circuit breaker on single pressure
principle actuated by hydraulic drive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Protection against dangerous
overpressure through bursting membranes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Quick site assembly assured by infactory
preassembled bays shipping units.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Compliance with international
standards-IEC 517. IEC 694 etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo69; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ADVANTAGES
OF G.I.S OVER CONVENTIONAL TYPE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lesser
Area<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For
conventional type of substations the yard equipment itself occupies a comparatively
larger area say 40×40m approximately. This is in addition to the area required
for the construction of the control room. It is estimated that the area
required for the construction of 66KV substation including the control room is
about 3.5 acres. But the area required for G.I.S substation is only less than
1/10<sup>th</sup> of this, i.e. approximately 30 cents, as the equipments are
enclosed in a metallic chamber and installed in control room itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In
bigger cities where space constraints pose a great problem the preference of
G.I.S substation to conventional substations is justified.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Easy
Maintenance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The fully metal enclosed principle adopted
for the switchgears guarantees that no outside influence can, affect the
insulating materials used in the assembly. Periodic maintenance such as
cleaning the insulator, protection against corrosion etc, nominally applicable
to conventional yard equipments are not necessary in G.I.S substations.
Maintenance activities such as greasing, checking the driving mechanism of
circuit breaker contacts, SF6 gas monitoring etc are very easy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Remote
and Supervisory Control Facility</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Even though remote and supervisory control
facility can be provided equally for air insulated substations also, the
functioning of the various equipments are not fool proof. In the, since the
operation will be trouble free.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Future
Expansion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The expansion of G.I.S substation can be
done within a short period compared with other types, if the expansion is
foreseen at the time of construction by adding more additional bays<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Phenomena
of Corona Discharge<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The corona discharge is a regular
phenomenon for voltages above 110KV for outdoor construction. In a thickly
populated area, this is quiet undesirable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">General<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Since no structure is visible outside and
even the transformers are kept indoors.
GIS substations will only add to the aesthetic beauty of the area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Salinity poses a serious threat especially
to those substations which have proximity to the sea. Equipment structures get
corroded due to salinity. This problem does not arise in the case of GIS
substations as the yard equipments are enclosed. GIS station does not cause any
pollution problem and even the humming of transformers is not audible outside,
as the transformers are kept indoors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4
SF6 GAS THEORY <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> SF6 gas is used in G.I switchgear as an
insulating medium and as a switching gas due to its dielectric and arc
quenching properties. The gas is produced by direct reaction at 300 degree
centigrade between molten sulphur and fluorine gas, generated by electrolysis
of hydrofluoric acid HF. It is chemically stable, non- toxic and incompressible.
If SF6 is used at pressures which ensures that no liquefaction occurs, the
problem with consideration droplets etc are also avoided.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.1 SF6 AS AN INSULATING
MEDIUM</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Insulation
by SF6 gas reduces the insulating distance i.e., the distance between the phases
and two adjacent bays, thereby reducing the space required for a substation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
gas is electronegative in character, that is, an atom or molecule of SF6 will
attract and hold the electrons. The electronegative gases are good dielectrics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">From the graph above,
the following observations can be made. Electric strength at 20 degree
centigrade<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SF6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 bar 20 degree
centigrade - 75KV/cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6bar 20 degrees
centigrade - 375Kv/cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AIR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 bar 20 degree
centigrade - 30KV/cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6 bar 20 degree
centigrade - 150Kv/cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
above figures show that the withstand voltage of SF6 is 2.5 times higher than
that of air under the same temperature and pressure. In other words, to meet
the same voltage requirements SF6 requires an enclosure of lesser volume and
weight than that required for air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In the case of internal fault the arc
developed in SF6 has lower arc voltage than the arc in compressed air. This
results in lower pressure increase in SF6 than in compressed air. The G.I
switch gear is so designed that this pressure increase can be accommodated in
the circuit breaker with less difficulty. Due to large density of sf6 the
thermal conductivity is also high, the ratio for the same SF6/air is 2.5:1.
Hence the dissipation of the generated heat by the ohmic resistance of the
conductors via. The enclosure is more in case if SF6 than that of air. But is
rather expensive and hence its leakage percentage has to reduced has to reduced
to minimum. A standard allowance for this is 1% per annum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.2
SF6 AS A SWITCHING GAS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> SF6
is also used as arc-extinguishing medium in circuit breakers of the G.I.S.
Circuit breaker is the most important safety element in a power supply system.
The C.B must be capable of interrupting large currents at high electro motive
force. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The only element that can change quickly
from conductive to non-conductive condition is the electric arc. The C.B
interrupts the current by the cooling of the electric arc .developed between
the contacts after they have been opened. When the current wave passes through
zero, the energy supplied to the arc equals zero and if there is sufficient
cooling, current will be interrupted. After current interruption the transient
recovery voltage will be applied to the gas column which is still hot. If the
arc quenching medium has not regained its electric strength at this time, there
is a possibility restriking of the arc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In SF6 circuit breaker, during the arcing
period, SF6 gas is blown axially alone the arc. The gas removes the heat and
reduces arc diameter during the decreasing mode of the current wave. The
diameter becomes small during current zero and the arc is extinguished. Due to
excellent property of SF6 gas maximum values it regains its dielectric
properties after the final current zero and prevent the arc from restriking.
The arc-time constant, which is the time required for a medium to regain its
dielectric strength after final current zero, for SF6 as is of the order of a
few micro seconds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">When
switching to a short-line fault, the rate of rise of recovery voltage is so
large that it is almost impossible to quench the arc with compressed air, and
is difficult with oil. But with SF6 this is very simple due to its large
arc-quenching capacity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In addition, SF6 has a good thermal
conductivity in the temperature range of 2000-3000 degree Kelvin. Due to this
high thermal conductivity, heat exchange between the hot ionized core and
surrounding medium is very fast, which assists in excellent arc quenching.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.3</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">GAS QUALITY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The gas applied in switchgear should be
clean without any pollutants. If the gas becomes heavily polluted through
internal fault it should not be used any longer and refilling should be carried
out. The gas for filling or replenishing is called the clean gas in operation
is called operating gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ARRANGEMENT OF THE
INSTALLATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In
a G.I.S substation the EHT side is protected by gas insulated switchgear filled
with SF6 gas. Switchgear suitable for operation up to 525KV has been developed,
this switchgear features a compact and convenient layout, safety precaution for
service personnel and high operational reliability. In general switchgear
provides perfect system security under specified operating conditions. The switchgear
is made up of different compartments in which all operating units in a three
phase construction are contained. The compartments are-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Circuit
breaker compartment<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bus
bar compartment and<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cable
termination compartment <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">These compartments are interconnected by means of
disconnectors.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.1
CIRCUIT BREAKER COMPARTMENT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This compartment consists of a three
phase conductor system. The fixed contact of the disconnections is mounted on
this conductor system. From the conductor system conductive connection go via
laminated contacts to the moving contacts of the three circuit breaker
elements. From the holders of the fixed contact, the conductors for each phase
are connected to a three phase conductor system. This connection is done via a
current transformer. On this are located the knife shaped fixed contacts from
the disconnected to the cable termination compartment. But in the case of a
coupling panel, connection to this cable termination compartment is not
applicable since these contacts apply to the disconnected of the second bus bar
system. The circuit breaker in this condition is situated between the two bus
bar disconnections. The three singe phase circuit breaker interrupters are
driven by a hydraulic system mounted on the front of circuit breaker
compartment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A cylindrical insulator is situated in
the cable termination compartment. The knife shaped fixed contact from the
disconnector are mounted on it. A three phase earthing switch is mounted on the
upper wall of the cable termination compartment. Current transformer as are
places per phase in the circuit breaker compartment between the circuit breaker
and the cable or the transformer disconnector.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.1.1 INTERRUPTER <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Interrupter is the active component
in the circuit breaker. An insulation
cylinder is spitted between the flinch and the contact holder inside the
contact holder a fixed piston is mounted on a tube with flow orifice. The
laminated sliding contacts ensure that the current is conducted form the
connection to the bus bar system via the contact holder housing to the copper
shaft and the nominal and arcing contacts which are connected to it. The fixed
part of the nominal and the arcing contacts are mounted in the second contact
holder in which filler with molecular sieve is also located. The second contact
holder is connected with the first by means of an insulation cylinder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.1.2 INTERRUPTER
FUNCTIONING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Opening:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> During the opening of the interrupter the
gas is being compressed between the piston and movable cylinder. After the
opening of the nominal current contacts and the arcing contacts, arcing will
occur over the latter. This arc heats the gas locally to some thousands of
Kelvins. As long as arcing continues, the accompanying pressure increase will
prevent the compressed gas in the cylinder from escaping. At the moment of the
first occurrence of current zero the arc is extinguished and the gas escapes
from the cylinder via gaps in the nozzle. The quality of the gas is so quickly
restored by the flow of cool and clear SF6 gas that re-ignition will not take
place and the recovery voltage us retained. The polluted gas is filtered in the
filter which holds the pollutants. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Closing:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> During the closing operation of the
interrupter the sequence is reversed, in order to allow filling of the
compressor chamber with SF6, inlet valves are mounted in the non moving piston.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.1.3 DRIVING
MECHANISM OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKER<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJwaNee7dCzpDUbCW4gz5A_hg-z_6KgrGVENtx8X7fZaOYvuSzKDdL8mhnDXrn5onpXTJ8F3NeiqvLqNPPRVGlPLqAgXhTKuwNRa4VMe1JGUs_2tUgIYUC-__3E3ddDpa3axPUjGtsHD48/s1600/2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJwaNee7dCzpDUbCW4gz5A_hg-z_6KgrGVENtx8X7fZaOYvuSzKDdL8mhnDXrn5onpXTJ8F3NeiqvLqNPPRVGlPLqAgXhTKuwNRa4VMe1JGUs_2tUgIYUC-__3E3ddDpa3axPUjGtsHD48/s1600/2.bmp" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The energy for opening and closing the
interrupter is provided by the driving mechanism which consists of the
mechanical part and hydraulic part. Hydraulic pump unit pressurizes and
maintains the pressure in hydraulic system including the accumulator. This pump
is driven by an electric motor. A hand pump is mounted in parallel for operating
the circuit breaker during servicing and maintenance. Supply to the electric
pump motor is 415/220V ac. When the pump units motor is activated, the oil is
sucked from the tank and compressed via non-return to the accumulator. If the
pressure of the hydraulic system goes beyond 300 bar the hydraulic safety valve
mounted in the pump unit opens and safe pressure is maintained.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The accumulator of a pressure cylinder
with two chambers separated from each other by a floating piston. One chamber is
filled with high pressure nitrogen and the other chamber which is connected to
the hydraulic system is filled with oil while the hydraulic system is being
pressurized, the piston is driven by the oil compressing the gas in the other
chamber. During a switching on and off cycle the oil is driven at a great
spread by the compressed gas in to the drive cylinder. The compressed gas thus
as a spring. The oil volume in the accumulator is sufficient for the completion
of an open-close-open cycle or to close-open cycles. The linear motion of the
drive cylinder is converted in to a linear motion of the interrupter contacts
by the mechanical part of the drive which consists of a number of levers
shafts, driving rods etc. shaft goes through a gas tight sealing in the
compartment and is connected by means of a crank to a system of 3 rods called
tumblers. These tumblers convert the rotating motion of main shaft into linear
motion of three driving rods and interrupter contacts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_i1076" style="height: 201pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 150.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1074" style="height: 339.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 181.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5m4aLpU-iTe01spEyaDATyOUSprcrU7qKZ6bj8kLfY_HEhjlYUi0giIxwIHfL10X9OYH6VOGZS3vaSTi6_Jd0niYRxyeATOROzPzOljQ6fi0CdlvC5krROnfWruzjAsaNlT-A62WiEBFE/s1600/3.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5m4aLpU-iTe01spEyaDATyOUSprcrU7qKZ6bj8kLfY_HEhjlYUi0giIxwIHfL10X9OYH6VOGZS3vaSTi6_Jd0niYRxyeATOROzPzOljQ6fi0CdlvC5krROnfWruzjAsaNlT-A62WiEBFE/s640/3.bmp" width="394" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <u>2.5.2 TERMINATION COMPARTMENT<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The circuit breaker is connected to high
voltage termination compartment. This
termination compartment is made with:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cables (dry, oil filled
or gas pressure type)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Direct connections to a
transformer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bus trucking with SF6-Air
bushing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> For high voltages DC testing this
compartment is provided with a facility that allows access to HV conductors
without evacuating the compartment or even without lowering the pressure of the
gas. This device allows test to be performed on the cable (HVDC, impulse) for
cable fault detection without necessitating the opening of the compartment or
the removal of the SF6 gas. For measuring and protection a voltage compartment
can be housed on the termination compartment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.3</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BUS- BAR COMPARTMENT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The Bus bar system is mounted on the top
of the circuit breaker compartment. This is constructed from sections with the
same length as the normal panel width. The ends of the compartments are sealed
off by means of raised covers. Three phase conductor system is suspended from
trident insulators. The disconnections
knife shaped fixed contacts are situated on the conductors. There is room in
the end covers for a three phase bus bar earthing switch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6
DISCONECTORS AND EARTHING SWITCH<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The function of a disconnector in GI
switch gear is similar to that of an isolator in the substation yard. The
disconnector is of three phase type. The disconnector are of double gap type
and can be used for affecting isolation between-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bus bar system and circuit breaker.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cable and circuit breaker and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Line and circuit breaker <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1073" style="height: 191.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 192.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The disconnectors form a single gas
barrier between the adjacent gas compartments and achieve electrical isolation
of the adjacent compartments by means of an electrical interruption of both
sides of the gas tight barrier. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> As shown in the fig, in open position the
contacts are earthed. As a result an earthed barrier is created between the
adjacent compartments of the installation. Because of the safety of the working
personal is guaranteed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6.1
ARRANGEMENT OF DISCONNECTORS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_22" o:spid="_x0000_i1072" style="height: 220.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 255pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> An insulator is located between two
compartments and maintains gas seperation fitted in one line. Three rotatable
conducting shafts pass through the insulator. In both compartments contact
holder are mounded on these shafts .We can see contact fingers fitted on these
contact holders. In the closed position these contacts are making contact with
the fixed knife on the conductors in the adjacent compartments. Insulating
shafts are fitted above the mobile contact holder. By means of the insulating
shaft, the conducting shaft together with the contact holders can be rotated
during switching through an angle of 180 degrees .In this position, the contact
fingers will make contact with the earthing contact on the wall of the
compartment. Note that the three phase conductors are situated one above the
other in the bus bar and hence the disconnector the fixed knife contacts on the
cable termination compartment are fixed in the same level .Here the three
disconnector shafts and the three drive shafts are of equal length. Disconnectors
are operated by a drive mechanism for which energy is supplied by an electric
motor working on 110VDC. Disconnectors
can be operated manually also. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 147.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The insulating shafts are connected to
the gas tight bearing bushes in a claw like connections. These bushes are
located in the aluminium drive box. Worm wheels are mounted above the bushes,
each is driven by a worm. The worm shafts are coupled and on the one side a
revolving handle can be fitted. The electric
motor with gearing is mounted on
the same side.By use of handle the safety switches interrupts the motor supply.
A system of auxiliary contacts are coupled to the worm wheel away from the
motor. The position indication is also mounted on the wheels. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6.2
DISCONNECTOR LOCKING DEVICE </span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The diconnector is
provided with an electrical/mechanical locking device. When the handle is
fitted, the supply to the motor is automatically interrupted. For assembly and
maintenance work the disconnector can be locked by attaching the locking plate.
Switching is then prevented both mechanically and electrically. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1071" style="height: 186pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 201.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6.3
EARTHING SWITCH<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The function of an earthing switch in
G.I.S switchgear is to earth a cable, a line or the bus bar to provide safety
for the working personnel during tests or maintenance .The earthing switch is
also used for earthing parts of the installation during tests. The earthing
switch is of three phase, fault making type, that is, it is possible to switch
on to a live conductors. The earthing switch can be operated manually or by
means of a driving motor operated at 110 VDC and spring mechanism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ref figure, in these three parallel
arms with double contact knives are mounted on a 90 degree rotating shaft. In
the ‘ON’ position these knives make contact with the receiving contacts on the
conductor system in the cable termination unit or bus bar. This active section
is mounted in a housing, which is mounted on the cable termination unit or bus
bar by means of a rectangular flange connection. One end of the shaft passes
through the housing to the outside where it is driven by a
motor-reducer/located-spring mechanism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_28" o:spid="_x0000_i1070" style="height: 259.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 189.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.7
LOCAL CONTROL CUBICLE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A local control cubicle is mounted on
the front side of the switchgear foe the various operations and control of the
equipment parts. Circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches etc. can be
operated from L.C.C. This is in addition
to the operation which normally takes place in the central panel in the
operator’s room. Provision for signalling alarm is also given in the Local
Control Cubicle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Position indicators <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Auxiliary contacts <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas density metering<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hydraulic pressure metering etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sometimes alarms are
interfered by switching the circuit breaker.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> For
example: Gas density metering. This is one of the main alarms connected inside
the L.C.C. but due to contact bouncing when a circuit breaker is closed or
opened, an alarm may be caused which is not realistic. As a protection against
this problem time delay is made in all outgoing gas density alarm signals by
adjusting the connecting relay. Contact bouncing can occur in the hydraulic oil
metering device also. Hence their contacts also have to be delayed. Since the
oil needs more time to stop oscillating, a time delay of 20 seconds is set for
the time relay to initiate the alarm. Position indication in the L.C.C. is
achieved by using special type of indication where the green indicator will
show the open position and the red indicator shows the closed position.
Components inside the L.C.C. such as contactors, micro circuit breakers, push
button etc are commonly used items only.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS AND POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8.1
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The current transformers are mounted in
the circuit breaker compartment as shown in figure. The function of CT’s are-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metering<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Line or transformer protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Line or transformer back-up protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bus-bar protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The CT’s essentially consist of primary
and secondary coil and core. The magnetic circuit in most cases is constructed
in the form of rings with cold grain oriented silicon steel or nickel alloy
according to the performance required. Each secondary coil is wound on
insulated ring core and insulated primary passes through this ring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The
insulated primary conductors pass through the porcelain and the primary leads
are taken out through small terminal bushings fixed to the side of expansion
chamber on the upper end of the porcelain. The secondary terminals are brought
out. The terminal rings and terminal box are fixed to the tank.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Although CT’S in G.I.S. equipments look
like a very robust object, it is a valuable high quality instrument. Because
the outside of CT is not protected mechanically, the winding insulation can be
damaged easily by kicking or dropping the CT. Hence utmost care should be taken
at the time of handling of CT.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Moisture can influence the dielectric
property. Moreover aggressive chemical product may be formed from moisture and
derivatives and hence a CT is always kept dry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8.2
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> An inductive SF6 insulated voltage
transformer consist of three single phase transformers located in one
compartment adjacent to three cable connection compartment. The VT essentially
consists of primary and secondary windings such as core and porcelain bushing.
For the purpose of gas system, the cable connection compartment is
interconnected with the compartment for VT by a tube connector as shown in
figure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The purpose of interconnection is the
mutual control of gas pressure in both compartments. For maintenance work in
the cable connection compartment, the value (9) is available to keep the
voltage transformer compartment under an over pressure of 0.5 bar SF6. This is
usually monitored via a pressure gauge (8) with a maximum of 2 bar between VT
and cable connection department. During operation in the substation the handle
of the valve must be removed to ensure that the valve is not closed. In that
case no control of the pressure and density of the voltage transformer
compartment is possible. For cable testing purpose the VT can be disconnected
by means of the built in isolating device (5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The operating sequence
of this isolator is:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Remove the cover (A).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unscrew bracket (B) from ring C and
bracket (D).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Remove the bracket (B).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Turn the bolt head E in the centre
counter-O in front.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fit bracket (B) with the indication-O in
front.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Connect bracket (B) to the ring and
bracket.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For bringing into the closed position
(“I”) follow the reverse sequence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.9
EARTHING OF SUBSTATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Earthing
is to be provided in AC due to the following reasons-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. To
provide a means to carry electric currents into the earth under normal and
fault conditions, without exceeding any operating and equipment limits or
adversely affecting continuity of service.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. To ensure that a person in the vicinity of
grounded facilities is not exposed to the danger of electric shock.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
effect of an electric current passing through the virtual parts of a human body
depends on <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Duration
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Magnitude<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
following parameters have to be taken into consideration for designing earthing
for substations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(A)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RESISTANCE UNDERNEATH THE FEET<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
resistance underneath the feet is determined by the following parameters:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Resistivity of the ground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Circuit (foot-foot or hand-free).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Mutual resistance between foot resistances.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(B)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RESISTANCE OF THE GROUND BENEATH
THE FOOT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">FOOT</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=Q/(4.b)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(C)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MUTUAL RESISTANCE BETWEEN THE FEET<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">M</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">FOOT</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=Q/(2π*d</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">FOOT</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">With Q
: resistivity of earth [m]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> b
: equivalent radius of the foot
[m]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> d</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">FOOT </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :
separation distance of feet [m]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(D)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RESISTANCE OF THE HUMAN BODY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Extensive
tests also performed showed the following values of the resistance of the human
body:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AC
resistance from hand to hand: 2330 ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AC
resistance from hand to (both) feet: 1130 ohm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">These
values can be increased due to insulation of shoes, dry hands etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NOTE
: According to IEEE Std. 80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hand and shoe contact resistances are
assumed to be zero.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A value of 1000 ohm is selected for the
calculation from hand-to-hand. Hand –to-(both)-feet and foot-to-other-foot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">>R
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=1000
ohms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(E)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">STEP VOLTAGE CIRCUIT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
step voltage circuit is defined by a current flowing from one foot to the
other, so that the resistance underneath the feet is placed in series.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
resistance underneath the feet R2FSis given by,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">2FS</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=
2(R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">FOOT</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> - R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">M FOOT</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Approximately
this may be written as <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">2FS</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
= 6Q, where Q= resistivity of the earth (ohm meter)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
resistance of the accidental circuit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=
R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
+ R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">2FS</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(F)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TOUCH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This
is defined by a current flowing from both feet to the hands so that the
resistances underneath the feet placed in parallel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
resistance underneath the feet R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">2FP</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> is given by <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">2FP</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=
0.5 (R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">FOOT</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+
R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">M
FOOT</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Approximately,
R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">2FP</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=
1.5Q<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
resistance of the accidental circuit is given by,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=
R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+
R</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">2FP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(G)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FAULT CURRENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
fault current is the maximum possible current with an appreciable probability.
Fault current, I</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">F</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> is given below<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;">F</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=
3Io (Io is the symmetrical fault)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Where
Io= [E/3] x 1/ [Z1+Z2+Z0+3Ri] for a single line to ground fault with<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E = Nominal system voltage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Z0
= Zero- sequence (subtransient) reactance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Z1
= positive sequence (subtransient) reactance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Z2
= Negative sequence (subtransient) reactance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">R1
= Estimated minimum resistance of the fault itself (normally 0).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1069" style="height: 163.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 305.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Outdoor%20Substation" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_i1068" style="height: 159pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 300pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="75" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Fig. Comparison of conventional substation
& GIS substation.</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1067" style="height: 195pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 4in;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Image1235" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig.Over
all view of 66KV GIS substation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1066" style="height: 241.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 4in;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Image1226" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig.Hydraulic
system along with CB contact<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1065" style="height: 238.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 311.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Image1236" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig.SF6
gas filling system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1064" style="height: 207pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 312.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Sf6 monitoring" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig.Sf6
gas monitoring system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1063" style="height: 231pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 384pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Image1247" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig.Ring
main unit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1062" style="height: 219pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 384pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Image1246" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig.Internal
view of ring main unit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1061" style="height: 227.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 4in;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Image1225" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig.Cable
termination compartment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1060" style="height: 201.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 269.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Image1234" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig.Top
view of GIS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.10
HYDRAULIC PART OF THE DRIVE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.10.1
HYDRAULIC DRIVE UNIT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A large number of components such as
magnetic valves, control valves, non-return valves, restriction of the main
cylinder etc, are integrated in the hydraulic drive unit. The piston rod of the
main cylinder is connected to the crank from the central shaft in the drive
box. The differential is constructed in a way that it will hydraulically brake
at the end of both the close and opening stroke. Restriction in the oil
channels makes it possible to adjust the required speed characteristics. There
is a single control circuit for switching on (a) and a double control circuit
(b, b1) for switching off.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Functioning:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> When the magnetic valves (a,b,bl) are
energized the associated servo buster valves (c and d respectively) are opened
(“c“ is for closing and “O“ is for tripping of the circuit breaker).As a result
of this the bi-stable control valve (e) is placed in the corresponding
position. These final positions are maintained on the one hand by a mechanical
restraint and on the other by the differential action of the valve. The
bi-stable valve operates the ports of the main cylinder, in which a
differential position can move (f). Should the oil pressure drop, the circuit
breaker is locked in the ON position by locking cylinder (h).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The drive energy is given by the
hydraulic (B) which in turn is kept under pressure by the hydraulic pump unit
(C). The pump unit’s motor is activated by one of the pressure switches (5) with
a difference of approx. 10bar. The oil is sucked from the tank through a filter
and compressed via a non-return valve (2) to the accumulator. The safety valve
(1) restricts the pressure to maximum 300bar. The needle valve (3) is used to
release pressure for maintenance purpose and is closed during normal operation.
A hand-operated pump (6) is mounted in parallel to the electrically operated
pump in order to be able to adjust the circuit breaker during maintenance
activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.10.2 ACCUMULATOR<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The hydraulic accumulator consists of a
high pressure cylinder in which two chambers are separated from each other by a
floating position. One chamber is filled with high pressure nitrogen (N2) and
the other chamber, which is connected to the hydraulic system, is filled with
oil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> While the hydraulic system is being
pressurized the position is driven by the oil, compressing the gas in the other
chamber. During a switching-on and switching-off cycle, the oil is driven at
great speed by the compressed gas into the drive cylinder. The compressed gas
acts as a gas spring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The
oil volume in the accumulator is sufficient for the completion of complete
“O-C-O” cycle, or two C-O cycles. A signalling contact (g) is located on the
accumulator to warn of an excessively low gas volume.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.10.3 HYDRAULIC PUMP
UNIT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The pump unit pressurizes and maintains
that pressure in the hydraulic system, including the accumulator. The hydraulic
pump is driven by an electromotor. The filters necessary to protect the
components from pollutants are located in the pump unit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
components mounted on the pump unit include the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety valve. This valve restricts the
pressure in the hydraulic system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A non-return valve in the pressure line
prevents back-flow via the pump when the pump is not operating.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A needle valve which act as a by-pass
connection to the tank in order to release pressure during maintenance or
servicing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oil-fill gap and level gauges for
monitoring the oil level in the tank in the pump unit. The oil level can be
read off the level gauge (approx. 40litres).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pump with electric motor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hand pump for operating the circuit
breaker during servicing and maintenance <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.10.4 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
three main functions are illustrated in the diagram:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Valve block of the drive unit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hydraulic accumulator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hydraulic pump unit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_49" o:spid="_x0000_i1059" style="height: 191.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 225.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a,b,bl = electromagnetic
valves for “C” and “O”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c, d = servo valves for “C” and “O”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e = bi-stable control valve<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f = main cylinder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">g = switch for monitoring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">h = locking cylinder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety valve 6. Hand pump<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Non-return valve 7. Test input<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.10.5
ADJUSTMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The hydraulic system operates at a
pressure of 232-282 bar and a no of pressure switches monitor and control the
mechanism. The switches are set at falling pressure, except for “Pump Off”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(A)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setting
level of the pressure switches (±1%)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Switching
diagram of hydraulic pressure monitoring system <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pump off<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Locking tripping operation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Falling pressure signal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Locking closing operation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pump motor ON<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety pressure <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_52" o:spid="_x0000_i1058" style="height: 190.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 255pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.11 INTERLOCKING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">When
we discuss the interlocking principles, we have to divide the interlocking into
two groups:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety interlocking;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Operational interlocking;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The main difference between both
interlocking is the danger that can occur when a certain interlocking does not
exist. Safety interlocking is necessary to give the operator or autoswitching
equipment no opportunity to create an internal fault in the GIS system or to create
unacceptable operation of equipment. Operational interlocking prevents the
operator for switching the GIS in restricted conditions, sometimes defined by
the customer or electricity board.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> An example: High speed earthing switches are designed for
closing on a live circuit, i.e. there will be no safety interlocking to prevent
this. There can be an operational interlocking between a disconnector and a
high speed earth switch, so the earth switch cannot be connected to a live
circuit. Unacceptable operation of equipment can be seen as giving a closing
command.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.11.1 INTERLOCKING ON
THE GIS EQUIPMENT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
safety interlocking can be divided into two groups:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Equipment related interlocking;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas & hydraulic related
interlocking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Most equipment interlocking is related
to the disconnector because this type of switch is not capable of breaking
load, switching is only allowed during equal potential on both sides of the
disconnector. Following equipment related interlocking are examples to prevent
the GIS for an internal fault or unacceptable operation:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The disconnector cannot be operated in
intermediate position (intermediate mode disturbance)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The disconnectors Q1& Q2 are
mutually interlocked, engaged alternately only.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The CB cannot be closed when related
disconnectores are in intermediate position.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The disconnectors related to a CB cannot be operated when that
CB is closed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.11.2 INTERPANEL
INTERLOCKING <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In most substation configurations, the interpanel
interlocking is related to two types of interlocking:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inter locking concerning busbar
disconnectors in relation to busbar earthing;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Interlocking concerning busbar
disconnectors in relation to the bus
coupler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.11.2.1 THE INTERLOCKING BETWEEN BUSBAR DISCONNECTORS
AND BUSBAR EARTHING SWITCHES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Controlling of the busbar disconnectors
of all bays is allowed only when the busbar earthing switch of the related
busbar is open . this interlocking can be provided in two ways:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> By using a hard contact of the earthing switch
for every bay;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">By using auxiliary relays per bay and
only one set of hard contacts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The disadvantage of using 1 hard contact
per bay is the amount of contacts used for this interlocking. For each panel,
one relay per busbar is provided &all these relays are controlled by one
contact of the related busbar earthing switch. Because of the safe operation of
the relay, i.e the relay is energized in a safe situation, a good interlocking
system is provided. The opposite interlocking, interlocking the busbar earthing
switch for closing with the related busbar disconnectors, is done by a series
connection of the auxiliary contacts of all busbar disconnectors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.11.2.2 THE
INTERLOCKINGS BETWEEN BUS COUPLER
AND BUSBAR DISCONNECTORS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In a normal situation i.e. when the
buscoupling is not provided, only one busbar disconnector per bay can be
closed. This is to prevent unacceptable busbar coupling. This interlocking is standard
in every bay with two busbar disconnectors. However, when a coupling bay is
situated inside the substation, it is possible
to create equal polarity on both busbar by closing the coupling bay. In
this situation it is allowed to operate both busbar disconnectors of 1 bay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> When both busbar disconnectors of one bay
are closed, it is clear that no opening of the coupling bay is allowed. This
opposite interlocking is also available in each bay. This interlocking is
looped to the buscoupler bay. The mentioned buscoupler related interlocking is
necessary to provide a safe “busbar takeover under load “without a shutdown of
a complete substation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.12 NITROGEN N</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">₂</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Besides the oil system there is also
nitrogen under high pressure (±280 bar), placed in an accumulator. During
switching of the CB this N</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">₂</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> will transfer
energy to the oil which now has enough to complete a correct switching
operation. Due to leakage of this gas the situation could occur that there is
not enough N</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">₂ valid to perform a correct switching operation which can
lead to not interrupting the current.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> To prevent this there
are two security levels;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">First : Signalling low N</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">₂</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
(switchgear is still operative)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Second : Blocking of electrical
operation (opening as well as closing command)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.13 CONTROLLING
CIRCUITS OF THE CB <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.13.1 THE PUMPMOTOR
AND ITS HYDRAULIC PRESSURE LEVELS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_55" o:spid="_x0000_i1057" style="height: 211.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 336pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
main power circuit normally consists of following components:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A MCB (F8) for turning of the main power<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A motor thermal relay(F7)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Auxiliary relay contacts of a hydraulic
switches controlled contactor (K9).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The main switch can be a normal switch or
a micro CB. It is normal engineering practice to place a thermal relay in the
main circuit. Activating of this component will de-energize the control circuit
by contact F7 95/96. Normal operation pressure of the CB is between 272 and
282bar. If the hydraulic pressure drops under a level of 272bar, pressure
switch S16-1 operates. Thus energizing contactor K9.The pump motor tries to
restore the necessary pressure. When the motor is running for more than one
minute, there will be an alarm. This alarm is discussed in a separate unit
about signaling. When the pump motor is restoring the pressure, at 282bar the
pressure switch S17-2 will open, what causes the motor to stop (K9 will de-energize).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_58" o:spid="_x0000_i1056" style="height: 188.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 212.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Additional to this control circuit, there
are three more metering stages that signal a further dropping pressure. The
first stage (262bar) signals the dropping pressure, a indication that the pump
motor can’t restore the operational pressure. The two other stages block the CB
since passing those stages can’t guarantee a proper operation of the CB. These
two stages are called trip lockout (232BAR) and close lockout (240bar).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.13.2 ANTI-PUMP
FACILITIES ON THE CB<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Another very important item in the CB
controlling is an anti-pump facility in the open K24 4/14 contact in the main
close circuit and the closed K24 3/11 take-over contact in the anti-pumping
circuit: when the CB receives a tripping command, the S1 41/42 contact will
open again when the CB reaches its open end position, thus ending the
anti-pumping facility. The closed K42 3/11 take –over contact prevents the CB
for this failure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_61" o:spid="_x0000_i1055" style="height: 3in; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 270.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.13.3 THE TWO TRIPPING
COILS <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The CB has one closing coil, controlled
by a anti-pumping facility. The tripping is done by two separate tripping
circuits. Sometimes trip coil supervision is added to this circuit. Hydraulic pressure
low stage 2, nitrogen low or SF6 low stage 2 will cause a locking on the
tripping circuit by de –energizing an auxiliary relay. the two tripping circuit
are included in fig.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_64" o:spid="_x0000_i1054" style="height: 237pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 287.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.14
DISCONNECTORS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Opening a three phase disconnector
provides a safe separation between live circuits and circuits that are switched
off for HV testing.this is created by an earthed construction between HV and
operating personnel. Also a gas separation is provided in the construction of
the disconnector.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.14.1 SPECIFIC
FEATURES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Automatic earthing of disconnector
conductor is done at open position of disconnector. The disconnector is not a
load breaker, no live circuits can be operated. The driving mechanism is a
servo-motor. substation can remain in service during HV testing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Short–time current of disconnector
contacts to earth : 40KA/sec<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 69.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 27.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.5pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated
current<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.0pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1600A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.5pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Opening
time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.0pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4
sec<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.5pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Closing
time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.0pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4
sec<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.5pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Driving
mechanism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.0pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Motor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 9.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.5pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Power
supply<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.0pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HVdc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.14.2 AUXILIARY
CONTACTS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The auxiliary contacts in the signaling
box are divided in two groups, the SI
contacts and S2 contacts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The SI contacts are normally operated
when the disconnector is open. Closing the disconnector will immediately change
the status of SI from operated to not operated. For this reason, the SI contact
is also named “early contact”. The SI contact can be a make or break type, thus
creating early make and early break contacts when the disconnector is closed,
the S2 contacts will become operated. Between changing the status of S1&S2
there is 4sec, for this reason the S2 contacts are named “late make” &
“late break” contacts. The early (A) & late make (B) contacts determine the
end position of the disconnector.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_67" o:spid="_x0000_i1053" style="height: 210.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 199.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Note;
The switching diagram shows a little time difference between open &close
position of the disconnector and operation of the auxiliary contacts. This is
because the auxiliary contacts have a minimum switching time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.15 SWITCHES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> One of the components of the L-SEP switchgear
is the three phase earthing switch. The earthing switches are incorporated in
an installation for having the possibility to earth a cable, a line or a busbar
system. The earthing switch is also used for earthing parts of the installation
during tests. In following paragraphs, the specific features and the function
will be described.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.15.1 SPECIFIC
FEATURES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The earthing switch is of the fault make
type i.e , it is possible to switch on to a live conductor. The insulator
construction of the earthing switch is suitable for a test voltage of 2 KV, which
makes it possible to perform a variety of measurements on the HV termination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Making
current 65KA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Short-time
current 40KA/sec<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Driving
mechanism spring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Operating
mechanism motor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Operating
voltage 110Vdc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.15.2 AUXILIARY
CONTACTS <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
used auxiliary contacts are operated by a rotating shaft with cams on it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_70" o:spid="_x0000_i1052" style="height: 177.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 214.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The S1 contacts are normally operated
when the earthing switch is open. Closing the earthing switch will immediately
change the status of S1 from operated to not operated. For this reason, the S1
contact is also named ”early contact”. The S1 contact can be a make or break
type, thus creating early make& break contacts. When the earthing switch is
closed, the S2 contacts will become operated. Between changing the status of
S1&S2 there is some time. For this reason the S2 contacts are named “late
make”&”late break” contacts. The early break (A)& late make (B)
contacts determine the end position of
the earthing switch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.16 SIGNALLING &
ALARMS ON THE LOCAL CONTROL CUBICLE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">On
the GIS & its control panel we have several signaling & alarm options.
For example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Position indicators;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Auxiliary contacts;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas density metering;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hydraulic pressure metering;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Voltage and/or current metering;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Annunciators;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Discrepancy signaling lamps.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.16.1 GAS DENSITY METERING
AND CONTACT BOUNCING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Also blocking and sometimes forced
tripping are controlled by gas density setting. A problem with gas density
metering can be the contact bouncing when a CB is closed or opened. These
actions can cause a nonrealistic alarm when no protection is provided. Our
protection <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_73" o:spid="_x0000_i1051" style="height: 148.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 208.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">against
this problem is a time delay on all outgoing gas density alarm signals (3sec).
For blocking circuit no time delay is included because the time delay is only
operative during the switching of the CB.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The gas density alarm also needed a time
delay when they initiate a forced tripping on the CB. By using time delayed
signals, no liquid filled gas density meters have to be used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.17 DEFECTS IN GIS
INSULATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Defects in the insulation system of GIS
may be left from the production of the units in the factory and they are generated
during the assembly at site, or they may occur during normal operation.
Location of the defect is done by searching for the location along GIS with the
highest signal level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_76" o:spid="_x0000_i1050" style="height: 171pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 270.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Protrusion on earth and live parts:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A
protrusion from live or earthed parts will create a local field enhancement.
Such defects will have a little influence on AC withstand voltage because
voltage varies slowly, and the corona at the tip will have time to build up a
space charge that shields the tip. For impulses like lightning surge or very
fast transients produced by disconnector operation, the impulse duration is too
short to build such space charge. Consequently the lightning impulse withstand
voltage for instance will be heavily reduced due to this type of flaw .Usually
protrusion exceeding 1-2mm on the phase conductor are considered harmful l. Due
to lower strength a similar protrusion on the encapsulation will be much less
severe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Free moving or fixed particle:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Free moving particles have little impact
on the LIWL (lightening impulse with stand level),while the AC withstand level
can be significantly reduced by their presence. The reduction will depend on
their shape and position; the longer they are and closer they get to
HV-conducer the more dangerous they become. If they move on to the spacer they
become even more dangerous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Voids and defects in spacers: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A
defect inside a spacer will give rise to discharges, electric stresses and
eventually lead to breakdown<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Electrically and mechanically lose
shields:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Field grading shield becomes
mechanically loose and it may become electrically floating. Floating shield
adjacent to an electrode on potential will give rise to large discharges
between shield electrodes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Benefits using the AIA-1 to detect
and locate flaws in GIS:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Some of the failure in GIS originates
from less suitable designs, but these are continuously being improved. Another
group of failures are considered to be of an almost inevitable stochastic
nature. These are failures initiated by flaws introduced during manufacturing,
assembled at site and during operation. Flashover in a GIS is in general
associated with longer outage times and greater cost than in a conventional air
insulated substation, and their consequences may be severe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.17.1THE “HOT
STICK”MEASURING TECHNIQUE</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Measuring on cable terminations is
done with voltage applied during service or as a test after assembly. This
requires a measuring technique tested and approved for live work. For this
purpose a glass fibre rod is used. The sensor of ALA-1 is mounted in the handle
and the acoustic signal is transferred through the glass-fibre stick to the
sensor. The measurements are performed by pressing the tip of the glass fibre
rod onto the laminations at various positions. The tip is equipped with a soft
rubber sphere filled with some sort of grease to obtain good acoustic contact
for the signal. Partial discharges in the termination is discovered when the
100(120) Hz signal is high compared to the 50(60) Hz signal. The plot in
particle mode (amplitude vs elevation time) gives higher amplitudes and shorter
time between discharges as the discharge level increase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 30.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level2 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.18</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DEMERITS
OF GIS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">High cost compared to conventional
outdoor substations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Requirements of cleanliness are very
stringent. Dust or moisture can cause internal flashover.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procurement of gas and supply of gas
must be maintained.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Project needs almost total imports
including SF6 gas spares.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SF6 leakage may lead to suffocation.
Some of the gaseous and solid by –products formed inside G.I.S are hazardous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.19 APPLICATIONS OF
GIS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Switch gear installations for higher security requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indoor switchgear installations with
minimum space requirements therefore ,specially suitable for congested areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Protected installations in areas of
contaminations and corrosion by sea or desert climate and in industrial plants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cavern switch installations for hydro
and pump storage power plants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In power plants, with the possibility of
accommodation in the immediate vicinity of the transformers to achieve an
optimum overall concept.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Extension of existing conventional outdoor
installations on a limited ground area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Replacement of existing conventional switchgear
installations enabling increased voltage level, without additional space
requirements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SF6 GAS insulated substations (GIS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hybrid solution as a combination of metal-enclosed
switchgear components together with equipment of conventional design.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">On hilly terrains.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.20 POWERLINE CARRIER
COMMUNICATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The 9505 power line carrier (PLC)
terminals supplied by BPL Telecom Ltd are intended for the transmission of speech,
telemetering, teleprinting, telecontrol, teleindication and teleprotection
signals in the carrier frequency range between 50kHz to 500kHz over the following communication
media with suitable line coupling equipments:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">High
voltage and medium voltage power lines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Open
wire lines exposed to power lines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Message
transmission is based on signal side band (SSB) principle where the carrier
power and one of the two sidebands generated as a result of modulation are
suppressed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
advantages of this mode of operations are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Optimum utilization of the available
send power for signal transmission.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Minimum
channel width to conserve spectrum space.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Large
transmission range.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The model 9506 PLC provides single or
twin channel voice grade channels for the transmission of speech or audio tones
over HV transmission lines. The 9505 PLC terminals are available in 4
configurations -9505HP,9505IP,9507LP,and 9505SP.The 9505HP configuration
equipped with a 40W amplifier (95AMP-HP)
which feeds the programmable line filter (95PLF-HP) is installed in the GIS .It
utilizes only one channel from the two available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Coupling mode: The AF coupling mode is
adopted for back coupling of 95PLC terminals .Here he terminals are inter
connected at AF level<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.20.1 OPERATING
PRINCIPLE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 9505 PLC consists of the following
sections: AF section, IF/HF section and HF line section. The AF section on the
send side includes input circuit telephony, dial signal generations circuits be
transmitted .These are speech input circuit telephony, dial signal generation
circuits for dialing and pilot signal. On the receiving side, the AF section
has corresponding output circuits which separate out different signals like
speech, dial etc. In order to connect telephone through automatic relay
equipment or PAX, AF hybrid is provided for speech and for 4 wire /2wire
conversion.9505PLC incorporates a speech interface (95PIN) circuit and a data
interface 95(DATA) circuit. The 95MODEM is the heart of the 9505PLC system and
comprises IF/HF section for both transmit and receive side.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The AF signals are converted into IF
signals using the IF carrier of 5.12 MHz generated in the system using a
crystal oscillator .In the transmit section, the IF band is filtered out using
a 10 pole crystal filter and fed to a final mixer stage. The carrier required
for mixing is derived from a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).The mixer
output is HF signal in the range of 50kHz to 500kHz in steps of 0.5kHz.In the
receiver section, a VCO generates the requires demodulating carrier and IF band
is filtered using a crystal filter. IF to AF demodulation is achieved by using
5.12 MHz as the carrier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Automatic gain control (AGC) is built unto the
demodulator section regulate AF output for variation in HF input. The HF line
section on the send side has an RF power amplifier to provide high power of
transmission at the terminal output.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.20.2 FUNTIONAL
DESCRIPTION:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
9505-HP PLC is provided with the following modules<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Power Supply Unit (95PSU-HP):<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This provides regulated +/- 12V DC and
unregulated +/- DC outputs .The unregulated outputs are used to power the
output amplifier stages .95PSU-HP is powered by a 48V dc. Voltage regulation
for +/-12V section is achieved through 3 pin regulators. Input over voltage
protection is also provided, the voltage detected by an SCR.</span> <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Speech Interface (95sPIN):</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This module is the
interface from the speech circuits to the 95MODEM .Interface is provided for
telephone,2 wire express telephone,34 wire express telephone and lack telephone
communications. The jack telephone and 4 wire express telephone act as parallel
channels. This also contains ton – generating circuits for signaling and alarm
indication and speech equalizer.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.20.3
MODULATOR/DEMODULATOR(95MODEM)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This module contains
two basic sections, a modulator that converts audio signal in to a single side
band (SSB) signal and a demodulator that converts a received SSD signal back into an audio
signal. Both sections use a 5.12MHz interface frequency (IF) signal are
completely independent in their operation. A crystal oscillator in the
demodulator section provides reference frequency for some circuit in the
modulator section.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Modulator section is a single conversion
heterodyning transmitter with an If of 5.12MHz.it produces a double side band
(DSB) signal, which is converted to SSB using filtering techniques. This
modulator section comprises of a synthesizer ,a speech amplifier, a high pass
filter, a compressor/amplifier ,an active low pass filter, a balance modulator
.an IF filter, a mixer, an RF output amplifier, and a signaling transmitter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The output of speech amplifier is given
to a high pass filter where low frequency components of the speech signal are
limited so as to prevent spurious output near the carrier. An operational
amplifier can configure itself as a signal compressor or amplifier depending on
the ON/OFF signal it receives. If this signal goes low, the OPAMP function as a
compressor and if it goes high it functions as amplifier. Active low pass
filter is used to suppress all speech signal above a specific frequency to
prevent interference with the data channels and signaling tone produced by
signaling transmitter. Balanced modulator accepts signals from active low pass
filter and signaling transmitter. It uses this signal to generate 5.12MHz
signal with DSB s and a suppressed carrier. IF filter suppresses the upper side
band (USB) of balanced modulator output. The demodulator section is a single
conversion receiver that uses the same 5.12MHz IF as in the modulator section
and converts the SSB into audio section .It contains a crystal oscillator, a
synthesizer, an input low pass filter, an input mixer, an IF amplifier, a
product detector, a speech channel low pass filter, an expander/output
amplifier, an FSK band pass filter, a signaling receiver, an audio gain control
circuit and signal to noise ratio alarm,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Crystal oscillator generates reference
frequency for synthesizer in both sections of 95MODEM. Synthesizer set the
frequency at which demodulator section will receive inputs. Input mixer
converts its input signal into 5.12 MHz IF by combining it with the output of
synthesizer and send it to IF amplifier .The output of IF amplifier is fed to
product detector where the signal is combined with 5.12MHz crystal oscillator
output to produce audio output signal. The output of product detector is fed to
audio transformer which splits the signal into two parts. The first part is fed
to OPAMP to produce speech plus output and the other part is fed to input of
speech channel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER 3<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CONTROL AND PROTECTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1PROTECTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Modern power systems
are growing fest with more generators, transformers and large network in the
systems. For system operation a high degree of reliability is required. In
order to protect the system (lines and equipment) a form damage due to undue
current and /or abnormal voltage caused by faults (such as short circuit) the
need for reliable protective devices, such as relays and circuit breakers
arises. The most common electrical hazard against which protection is required
at the short circuit. However there are abnormal conditions – e.g., overloads
under-voltage and over-voltage, open phase, unbalanced phase currents reversal
of power, under-frequency and over-frequency, over-temperature, power swings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> On the occurrence of short circuits which
may lead to heavy disturbances in normal operation damage to equipment,
impermissible drop in voltage etc the protective scheme is designed to
disconnect or isolate the faulty section from the system without any delay. The
protective scheme is designed to energize an alarm or signal whenever the
overload and short circuit do not present a direct danger to the faulted
circuit element and the entire installation .for example, an occurrence of a
single phase fault to earth in overload circuits take the necessary measures
for removal of the abnormality and prevent any interruption in power supply to
consumers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The main functions of protective
relaying are to detect the presence of faults, their locations and initiate the
action for quick removal from service of any element of power system when it
suffers a short circuit or when it starts to operate in any abnormal manner
that might cause damage or otherwise interface with effective operation of the
rest of the system. The relaying equipment is added in this task by the circuit
breakers that are capable disconnection the faulty element when they are called
upon to do so by the relaying equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">OPERATION
OF PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The protective relays
connected in the secondary circuits of current transformers and/or potential
transformers. Under normal operating conditions, the voltage induced in the
secondary of the current transformers is small and therefore current flowing in
the relay operating coil is insufficient in magnitude to close the relay
contacts. This keeps the trip coil of the circuit breaker de-energized.
Consequently the breaker contact remains closed and it carries the normal load
current. On occurrence of fault a large current flows through the primary of
the current transformer. This induces the voltage induces the secondary and
hence the current flowing through the relay operating coil .The relay contact
are closed and trip the coil of the breaker gets energized to open the breaker
contacts .The circuit breaker open its contacts . An arc is drawn between the
contact as they separate. They arc is extinguished at a natural current zero of
the ac wave by suitable medium and technique. After final arc extinction and
final current zero, a high voltage wave appears the circuit breaker contacts
tending to re establish this arc. This comprises a high frequency transient
component superimposed on a power frequency recovery voltage. These phenomena
have a profound influence on the behavior of the circuit breakers and the
associated equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 TYPES OF PROTECTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In a GIS substation the protection is
much more superior when compared to conventional substation. Mainly the
protection to be provided is of two types namely<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Feeder protection <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transformer protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
above can be explained as follows.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">FEEDER
PROTECTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This protection is
given for the different components in the feeder bay. The feeder bay includes
the incoming feeder and outgoing feeder. The different types of feeder
protection are- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Backup Protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 43.5pt list 1.25in center 3.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Over
current protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Earth
fault protection <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Distance protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pilot wire protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.1.1 BACKUP
PROTECTION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vary frequently ,for
attaining high reliability ,speed up action and improvements in operating
flexibility of the protection scheme, the separate element of a power system
,in addition to main of primary
protection ,are provided with a backup protection . The protection is the first
line of defense and ensures quick-acting and selective clearing of faults
within the boundary of the circuit section of an electrical installation.
Backup protection is the main given to a protection which backs up the main
protection whenever the latter fails in operation, is cut out for repairs etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Backup protection is important to the
proper functioning of a good system of electrical protection since percentage
reliability not only of the protective scheme but also of the associated
current transformers, power transformers and circuit breakers cannot be
guaranteed. It is the second line of defense which functions to isolate a
faulty section of the system in case the main protection fails to the following
reasons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The dc supply to the tripping circuit
fails<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The current or voltage supply to the
relay fails<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The tripping mechanism of circuit
breaker fails<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The circuit breaker fails to operate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The main protective relay fails<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Backup
protection consist of two type of protection. They are overcurrent and earth
fault protection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">OVERCURRENT
AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The
general practice is to employ a set of two or three overcurrent relays for
protection against phase-to-phase faults and a separate overcurrent relay for
single line –to-ground faults .Separate earth fault relays are employed because
they can be adjusted to provide faster and more sensitive protection for single
line-to-ground faults that can be provided by the phase relays.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 43.5pt center 3.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> An induction type overcurrent relay
giving inverse time relation with a definite minimum time characteristic is
employed for protection .It consist essentially of an ac energy meter with
mechanism with slight modification to give required characteristics. The relay
has two electromagnets. The upper electromagnet has two winding. One of these
primary and is connected to the secondary of the current transformer in the
line to be protected and is tapped at intervals. The tapings are connected to a
plug setting bridge by which the number of turns in use can be adjusted,
thereby giving the desired current setting. The plug bridge is arranged to
sections of tappings to give over-current range from 10% to 70% or 20 to 80% in
steps of 10% The values assigned to each tap are
expressed in terms of percentage of full-load rating of current transformer with which the relay is associated and
represents and value above which the disc commences to rotate and finally
closes the trip circuit. Thus pick-up current the
rated secondary current transformer multiplied by current setting. Adjustment
of setting is made by inserting a pin between the spring loaded jaw of the
bridge socket at the tap value required. When the pin is withdrawn for the
purpose of changing the setting value while the relay in service, the relay
automatically adopts higher setting, thus the current transformer's secondary
is not open circuited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The second windings is energized by
induction from the primary, and is connected in series with the winding on the
lower magnet. By this arrangement, leakage fluxes of upper and lower
electro-magnets are sufficiently displaced in space and phase to set up a
rotational torque on the aluminium disc suspended between the two magnets, as
in the shaded pole induction disc motor. This torque is controlled by the
spiral spring and also sometimes by a permanent magnet brake on the disc. The
disc spindle carries a moving contact which bridges two fixed contacts when the
disc has rotated through a pre-set angle. The angle can be set to any value
between 0° and 360° and thereby giving desired time setting. This adjustment is
known as time-setting multiplier. Time multiplier setting is generally in the
form of an adjustable back-stop which decided the arc length through which the
disc travels, by reducing the length of travel, the operating time is reduced.
The time setting multiplier is calibrated from 0 to 1 steps to 0.05.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Each fault current depends on the type
of neutral earthing, i.e., whether solidly earthed, insulated or earthed
through some resistance or reactance. Where no neutral point is available,
grounding transformer is employed. The earth fault current will be small as
compared as phase fault currents in magnitude.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The relay thus connected for earth fault protection is
different from the ones provided for phase-to-phase faults.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Here two inverse
definite minimum time type overcurrent relays are connected in two phases
through CT's and one earth-fault relay. In case of phase-to-phase faults or
overload the IDMT relays trip the CB. Under healthy conditions, the sum of all
the three currents of CT's is zero and the earth-fault relay remains inoperative.
As soon as phase-to-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> changes fault
occurs unbalancing in currents causes the earth- fault relay to operate, which
in turn<i> </i>trip the circuit breaker.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.1.2
DISTANCE PROTECTION</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Distance protection is the name given to
the protection, whose action depends upon the distance of the feeding point to
the fault. The time of operation of such a protection is a function of the
ratio of voltage and current i.e., impedance.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Distance relays differ in principle from
other forms of protection in that their performance is not governed by the
magnitude of the current or the voltage in the protected circuit but rather on
the ration of these two quantities. Distance relays are actually double
actuating quantity relays with one coil energized by voltage and the other coil
by current. The current element producers a positive or pick-up torque while
the voltage element producers a negative or rest torque. The relay operates
only when the V/I ratio falls below a predetermined value. During a fault on a
transmission line the fault current increases and the voltage at eh fault point
decreases. The V/I ration is measured at the location of CT's and PT's. The
voltage at FT location depends on the distance between PT and the fault.. If
the fault is nearer, measured voltage is lesser and if the fault is farther,
measured voltage is more. Hence assuming constant fault impedance each value
and the fault along the line. Hence such protection is called the distance
protection or impedance protection.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Distance protection is non- unit type
protection, the protection zone is not exact. The distance protection is high
speed protection and is simply to apply. It can be employed as a primary as
well as back- up protection. It can be employed in carrier aided distance schemes
and</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
in auto-reclosing schemes. Distance protection is
very commonly used in protection of transmission lines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Distance relays are
used for both phase fault and ground fault protection and they provide speeds
for cleaning faults than over- current relays. Distance relays are also
independents exchanges in magnitude of the short- circuit currents and hence
they are not much affected by changes in the generation capacity and the
systems configuration. Thus they eliminate long clearing times for fault near
the power sources required by over- current relays if used for the purpose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Here we use impedance
type distance relay. An impedance relay is a voltage restrained</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
current relay. The relay measures impedance upto the
point of fault and gives tripping if this impedance is less than the relay
setting impedance. Relay settings impedance is as replica impedance and it is
proportional to the set impedance i.e. impedance upto the reach of the relay.
The relay monitors continuously the line current though current transformer and
the bus voltage through PT and operates when the V/I ratio falls below the set
value.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.1.3
PILOT WIRE PROTECTION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The time "Pilot" means that
between the ends of a transmission line there is an interconnecting channel of some
sort over which information can be conveyed. Three different types of such a
channel are presently in use, and they are called "Wire Pilot"
"Carrier - current pilot" and "Microwave Pilot". The
differential pilot- wire protection is most satisfactory and is widely employed
on account of the advantages such as simplicity, flexibility, a high stability
ratio, and rapid fault clearance.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The differential pilot- wire protection
is based upon the principle that the currents compared at each end of the line
or feeder by the use of pilot wires should be same under normal operating
conditions and the equality is lost only when there is a fault in between the
two ends. The systems is quite similar to that employed for the protection of
alternate and transformers and the difference lies only in the length of pilot
wires.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.2
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This
protection is given for different components in the transformer bay. The
different types of transformer protection are </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Over
Current Protection</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Earth
Fault protection</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">* Different Protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Restricted Earth Fault Protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.2.1
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Differential protective relaying is the
most positive in selectively and in action. It operates on the principle of
comparison between the phase angle and magnitude of two or more similar
electrical quantities. A differential relay is defined as the relay that
operators when the phasor difference of two or more similar electrical
quantities exceeds a pre-determined amount. This means that for a differential
relay, it should have (i) two or more similar electrical quantities and (ii)
these quantities should have phase displacement for the operation of the relay.
Almost any type of relay, when connected in a certain way, can be made to
operate as a differential relay<i>. </i>Most of the differential relays are of
"Current differential" type in which phasor difference between the
current entering the winding and current leaving the winding is used for sewing
and relay operation.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Differential protection relaying is
generally unit protection. The protected zone is exactly determined by the
location of CT's or PT's. The phasor difference is achieved by suitable
connection of secondaries of CT's or PT's.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2.2.2
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Earth fault relays connected in residual
circuit of line CT's provide protection against</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> earth faults on the delta unearthed star- connected windings
of power transformers. A CT is fitted in each connection to the protected and
the secondaries of CT's are connected in parallel to relay. Ideally, the output
of the CT's is proportional to the sum of zero sequence currents in the line
and tae neutral earth connection if the latter is within the protected zone.
For external faults zero sequence currents are either absent or sum to zero in
the line and neutral earth connection. For internal faults, the sum of zero
sequence currents is equals twice the total fault current.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> If an earth fault occurs near the
neutral point of the transformer the voltage available for driving earth fault
current is small. For the relay to sense such fault it has to be toe sensitive
and would, therefore operate for spurious signals, extern^ fault current of the
order of 15% of rated winding<i> </i>current.
Such settings restricted portion of the windings. Hence the name restricted
earth-fault protection.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.3 ADVANTAGES
OF STATIC RELAYS</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 39.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The excellent reliability of
electronic components enables a very good behavior of</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
protection systems under severe environments. .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 39.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">100% security of operation
even after several years of service without any</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> change in characteristics. . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 39.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Returning percentage is
equal to / greater than 95%.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 39.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Accuracy is more than 5% even
in worst case.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 39.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">100 percentage security of
operation even on saturated CT conditions which is</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
fundamental in over current protection of HV
networks. . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The cut out area required is only 176<sup>th</sup> of that of
equivalent electromechanical relays</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> available in India. Hence, more relays can be
accommodated in the same panel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The relays are very compact and look elegant.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Weight and volume is less.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Operates
faster than conventional electromechanical relays which bring in a real
advantage when complex functions are used. Grading time considerably
reduced.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relays will operate satisfactorily within the range of 80-110%
of auxiliary supply</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> voltage.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relays have got wide range of settings and are easy to set.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 48.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 48.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Very low burden allowing a
large number of parallel functions on the same CT.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Complete passivity to
mechanical and climatic environment.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The relays operate trouble
free at ambient temperatures ranging from -5 to +55 degree</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
centigrade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secondary of CT's are
automatically shorted on removal of relays from the cases.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relays form rewired modular
protection systems which are l00% factory tested.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4 TYPES OF RELAYS EMPLOYED FOR PROTECTION AND CONTROL<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4.1
THREE PHASE BIASED DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
AND</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS<o:p></o:p></b></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FEATURES:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Three
phase biased differential relays for protection of two winding or three
winding transformers.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No interposing CT's needed. Easy phase angle and current
amplitude compensation by selector switches.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Percentage characteristics ensure high stability during through
faults.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adjustable minimum threshold setting of 20% to 80% IR which
avoids unwanted tripping</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> due
to CT errors, tap changing and magnetizing current when operating off-
load.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Magnetizing current inrush restraint.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Over - excitation restraint by desensitization of minimum
threshold.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fast operating time
less than 40 milliseconds.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indication of faulted phase by Light Emitting Diodes (LED).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indication of fault - differential or high-set instantaneous.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Independent adjustment between the percentage threshold and
minimum threshold.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Test points on the front face for verifying the connect Tons
and the settings when the</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> equipments
put into service.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Easy integral test facility to check proper functioning of
the internal circuits of the relay</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> by a test push-button on the front panel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MODELS
AVAILABLE</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t32" o:oned="t" o:spt="32" path="m,l21600,21600e">
<v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none">
<o:lock shapetype="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 40.9pt; left: 0; margin-left: 252.55pt; margin-top: 13.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 4;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 40.9pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 47.7pt; margin-top: 12.75pt; position: absolute; width: 0px; z-index: 1;" type="#_x0000_t32"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TDTA 3
3
<o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 118.7pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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<v:stroke joinstyle="miter">
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect">
</v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1031" strokecolor="blue" stroked="f" style="height: 21.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: 292.2pt; margin-top: 12.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 159.25pt; z-index: 6;" type="#_x0000_t202">
<v:textbox>
</v:textbox></v:shape></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Number of windings (2 or
3).</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1030" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 252.55pt; margin-top: 21.55pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 34.05pt; z-index: 5;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1028" strokecolor="blue" stroked="f" style="height: 21.4pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 86.8pt; margin-top: 12.25pt; position: absolute; width: 150.85pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t202">
<v:textbox>
</v:textbox></v:shape></v:shape><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Number of phases (1 or
3).</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47.7pt; margin-top: 20.95pt; position: absolute; width: 34.05pt; z-index: 2;" type="#_x0000_t32"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></v:shape><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">APPLICATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The differential
relay type is designed for the protection of transformers against internal
short circuits, short circuit between phase and short circuit between phase and
earth. It is suitable for the protection of two or three winding power transformers,
auto-transformers or generator transformer units. Generally no interposing
current transformers are needed together with the relay. The phase angle and
current magnitude compensation are carried out with selector switches on the
relay front plate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DESCRIPTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The three phase
protection assembly is housed in flush mounted case which is a standard 19”
international rack, of height 196mm, width 482.6mm and depth from the flush
mounting surface is 320mm.The assembly comprises of plug- in cards closed at
the front by an anodized aluminium name and transparent poly–carbonate cover.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The front face consists of-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">One two position switch for current magnitude
compensation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1,1//3) per winding<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">One two position switch for phase angle(01)
compensation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(0+120 degree)per winding<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">One two position switch for phase angle (02)
compensation (0,+180)per winding<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Total phase compensation equal to
(01)+(02)+30degree for delta connected internal CT’s and (01)+(02) for
star connected internal CT’s)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A series of 4mm dia. test terminals for
checking the primary and secondary currents, different current and through
current.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">One switch per winding for transformer ratio
matching on HV and LV sides from 0.6 to 1.26 In steps of 0.06 associated
with a two position switch for the fine adjustments 0,+0.03In.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Minimum threshold current setting for each
phase from 20% to 00%IR in steps of 20%.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Percentage slope setting for each phase from
12.5% to 50% in steps of 12.5%<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3 LED’s with memory for indication of the
faulted phase<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">One push button for resetting the LED’s<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">One push button per winding to check the
electronics circuit with associated two LED’s per phase to indicate
minimum operating threshold and high set threshold operation.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The relay case incorporates a terminal block
for external connection with 28 terminations<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4.2 HIGH IMPEDANCE
OVERCURRENT RELAY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;">FEATURES</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Solid state design.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Designed for tropical
environment.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Self contained relay.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimensions comply with
international standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Automatic shorting of C.T.
inputs when modules are withdrawn.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Built in test facility.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Low burden.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">High speed of operation.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">APPLICATION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TDZA relays
associated with resistors ensures the selective protection of</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bus bars against phase to
phase and phase to earth faults.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transformers with an earthed
neutral (restricted earth).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MV network against phase to
earth faults.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rotating machines.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CONSTRUCTIONAL
FEATURES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The TDZA relay
is housed in a TROPIC PLUS, size 4 case, closed at front by a scalable transparent cover.
Conventional series dropping power supply is employed, and the heat I
generating components in the power supply are mounted in a ventilated metallic
enclosure at the rear side of the case. The
input and output connections are terminated on a terminal block with 28 terminals. The terminal block has CT shorting facility.
Current settings are done by means of movable
plug in jumper. The plug out positions of the jumper corresponds to maximum
setting value. LED indicates operation of relay and can be reset by
"RESET" push button. Built in test facility
is provided to check healthiness of electronic circuits by pressing
"TEST" pushbutton.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">GENERAL DESCRIPTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relay code:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T -
Tropicalised<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D -
Differential operation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Z -
High impedance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A -
Current operated<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MODELS AVAILABLE <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 588px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 45.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Description<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relay type<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No of O/P relays<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Case size<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 79.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 79.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Single phase high
impedance overcurrent relay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 79.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TDZA 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 79.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 79.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0in; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 1.0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Three phase high impedance
overcurrent relay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TDZA 30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">When the
fault current exceeds the set value threshold detector generates the output signal
instantaneously. External resistor is used for an excellent stability of the
protection zone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4.3 HIGH SPEED TRIPPING
RELAY TYPE: TMTG</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">APPLICATION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> High speed tripping relay (TMTG) is .used
for those applications where short time is essential for tripping of breakers
in a protective scheme.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MAlN
FEATURES</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">High speed of operation.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Any number of NC or NO or C/0 contacts can be provided as per
customer specification.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Charter free operation.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LED Flag indication.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Electrically hand resettable facility.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Optional self reset contacts can be provided.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">GENERAL
DESCRIPTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> TMTG Relay
basically consists of a miniature attracted armature type relay module with 3
C/0 contacts. This unit is self .held by its own contact and the same is used
to energize an LED indication. The resetting facility is achieved by an N/C
contact push button by operation of which breaks the mains auxiliary supply to
the relay. For additional contacts attracted armature type relay modules with 2
C/0 contacts are used along with the above 3 C/0 relay module. Numbers of
contacts possible are 2, 4 or 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NOMENCLATURE</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TMTG X !
— — — — > S</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Self reset.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">COIL
RATINGS</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standard coil ratings are given below along with unit consumption.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CASE AND
FINISH<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TMTG relay is housed on a tropic plus size 4 case ,closed at fronn
by a selable transparent cover. Conventional series dropping power supply is
employed and heat generating components is the power supply are mounted on a
ventilating metalilic enclosure at the rear side of the case.The input and
output connections are terminated on terminal block wth 28 terminals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4.4 INVERSE TIME
OVERCURRENT OR EARTH FAULT RELAYS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FEATURES</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Solid state design</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Designed for tropical
environment.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Self contained relay.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Automatic shorting of CT
inputs when modules are withdrawn.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Built in test facility.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Low burden.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wide range of current
settings.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">APPLICATION</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Network
Protection</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inverse time overcurrent relay allows network protection against
overcurrents, short circuits and against fault between phase and earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> b) Machine Protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">These relays protect alternators and motors against short-circuit
and overloads.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The TSA relay is housed in a TROPIC PLUS,
size 4 or 5 case, closed at front by a sellable transparent cover. Conventional
series dropping power supply is employed, and the heat generating components in
the power supply are mounted in a ventilated metallic enclosure at the
rear-side of the case. The input and output connections are terminated-on
a-terminal block with 28terminals .the terminal block has CT shorting facility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Current settings (both time delayed (IR)
and instantaneous (ISI) and time setting is done by means of movable plug in
jumpers The plug out positions of these jumpers corresponds to maximum setting
values. High set unit inactive when jumper is in 'oo' position. A fine
adjustment potentiometer is provided for intermediate time setting. LED's
indicate operation of reply and can be reset by 'RESET' push button. Built in
test facility is provided to check <sub>O</sub>f electronic circuits by
pressing 'TEST' push button.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b><u>GENERAL
DISCRIPTION</u></b></span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)RELAY
CODE</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sup></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T -
Tropicalised</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S - Inverse
characteristics</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A - Current
operated<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SCHEMATIC
OF TSA311 RELAY</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">When fault current exceeds the set value the IDMT characteristic
curve is initiated. The output signal is sent to the o/p relay, after the time
delay, as per IDMT curve. Whenever instantaneous feature is employed an
independent threshold detector generates the output signal when fault current
exceeds the set value ( Is ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4.5 HIGH SPEED TRIPPING REPAY TYPE "TMIG"</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">APPLICATION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">High speed
tripping replay (TMIG) is used for those application where short contacting
time is essential for tripping of breakers in a protection scheme.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MAIN
FEATURES</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">High speed of operation</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Any number of NU or c/o contacts can be provided as per
customer specification.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chatter free operation.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LED flag indication.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Electrically hand resettable facility.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Optional self reset contacts can be provided.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">GENERAL
DESCRIPTION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> TMIG replay basically consists of
miniature attracted type relay modules with 3 C/O</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> contacts. This unit is self held by its own contact and the
same is used to energize an LED indication. The resetting facility is achieved
by an N/C contact push button by operation of which breaks the mains auxiliary
supply to the relay. For additional contacts attracted armature type replay
modules with 2 C/O contacts are used along with the above 3 C/O relay modules.
Number of contacts possible are 2,4 or 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NOMENCLATURE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TMIG --------->S--------> self reset
contacts<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">COIL
RATINGS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standard coil ratings
are given below along with unit consumption<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 33.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.0pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CONSUMPTION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DE-energized relays surplus per operating relay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 260.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.0pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 260.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 271.9pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">>D.C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">24V 0.7W 2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30-32V 1W 2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">48V 1.2V 2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">60V 1.5V 2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110-125V 3.5W 2W <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">220V 4W 2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">250V 4.5W 2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 136.0pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 271.9pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">127-220V 4VA 2VA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">220V/380V 4VA 2VA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">OPERATING
TIME<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Less than 12 ms at
rated voltage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contacts
switching capacity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">INSULATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The relay will withstands a 2.5 KV
a.c rms 50Hz one second between all circuits and the case between all circuits
not intended to be connected together .It will also withstand 1.25KV a.c. rms
50Hz for one second between matching contacts in open position.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CASE AND FINISH<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> TMIG relay is housed in a TROPIC PLUS size
4 cases, at front by a sealable transparent power. Conventional series dropping
power supply is employed and the heat generating components in the power supply
are mounted a ventilating metallic enclosure at the rear side of the case. The
input and output connections are terminated on a terminal block with 28
terminals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4.6 TRIP CIRCUIT
SUPERVISION RELAY, TYPE: TTSG <sub><o:p></o:p></sub></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FEATURES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Solid state technology.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Low burden. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Continuous supervision with breaker open or closed.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">High frequency disturbance & impulse voltage withstands.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">APPLICATION</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trip
circuit supervision relay type TTSG provides continuous of the circuit breaker initiating
audible and visual alarms in the event of the failure in the trip circuit or
the mechanism. Supervision is provided for the trip supply, trip circuit
wiring, trip coil and the tripping mechanism of the breaker.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DESCRIPTION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The relay
type TTSG consists of two separate for post-close and pre-close supervision.
Both circuits offer complete supervision as follows. The output replay is
normally energized in a healthy system by drops off:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• If the trip supply is lost or falls below
approximately 80% of the normal voltage.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• If the trip coil or trip circuit wiring is
open circuited.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• In case of failure of circuit breaker
tripping mechanism.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A time
delay of about 400ms on drop-off is built into the circuit to prevent false
operations due to momentary voltage dips caused by faults in other circuits or
during a protection trip. Two pairs of changeover contacts are provided for
initiating audio-visual alarms. An operation indicator with memory is also
provided on the relay. No external current limiting resistors are required. The
relay offers a very high leakage resistance in the trip circuit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CASE</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TTSG relay is housed in a TROPIC PLUS size 4 cases, closed at
front by a scalable transparent cover conventional series dropping power supply
is employed, and the heat generating components in the power supply arc mounted
in a ventilated metallic enclosure at rear side of the case. The input and
output connections are terminated on a terminal block with 28 terminals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;">3.4.7 AUXILARY RELAY TYPE ‘TAVG'</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">APPLICATION</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TAVG relays
are generally used wherever contact multiplication are required The main
application of these relays are multiple control and annunciation circuits
where reliability and high speed of operation are essential.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FEATURES</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">High speed of operation.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Any number of NC or NO or
C/O contacts can be provided</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chatter free operation.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LED Flag indication.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Electrically hand resettable
facility</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Optional self reset contacts
can be provided</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">GENERAL
DESCRIPTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> TVAG relay basically consists of TEC
relay modules with 3 C/O contacts per pole.The resetting facility is achieved
by an NC contact push button which breaks the main auxiliary supply to the
relay.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NOMENCLATURE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1033" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 26.3pt; left: 0; margin-left: 13.15pt; margin-top: 44.15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 8;" type="#_x0000_t32"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.5pt;" valign="top" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 128.95pt; mso-element-top: 33.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1036" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 33.05pt; margin-top: 20.8pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 52.5pt; z-index: 11;" type="#_x0000_t32"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">X<o:p></o:p></span></v:shape></div>
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<v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1037" stroked="f" style="height: 58.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: 186.8pt; margin-top: 15.2pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 211.15pt; z-index: 12;" type="#_x0000_t202">
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<td><div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">E
Hand reset contacts <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">S
Self reset contacts</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> TAVG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 70.05pt; margin-top: 27.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 62.25pt; z-index: 9;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape filled="f" id="_x0000_s1035" stroked="f" style="height: 37.9pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 137.2pt; margin-top: 7.9pt; position: absolute; width: 158.6pt; z-index: 10;" type="#_x0000_t202">
<v:textbox>
</v:textbox></v:shape></v:shape></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No. of elements (1,2, 3, or 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">COIL
RATINGS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standard coil ratings
are given below along with unit consumption<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 38.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CONSUMPTION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Range surplus per operating relay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 53.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.5in;" valign="top" width="336"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">>D.C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">24V 2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30-32V 2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">48V
2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">60V
2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110-125V 2W <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">220V
2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">250V 2W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.5in;" valign="top" width="336"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">127-220V 2VA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">220V/380V 2VA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Relays operate exactly
between 50% and 120% of rated voltage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">OPERATING
TIME<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Less than 12 ms at
rated voltage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CONTACT
CAPACITY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">OPENING CLOSING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AC
(220V-50Hz, cos 0.6)
5A 8A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DC (135
Vcc-L/R=30ms)
0.25A 3.5A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> -----------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Continuous
8A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">INSULATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The relay
will withstand 2.5 kv ac r.m.s 50Hz for 1 sec between all circuits and the case
and between all circuits not intended to be connected together. It will also
withstand 1.25kv ac r.m.s 50Hz for 1 sec between matching contacts in open
position.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CASE AND
FINISH <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TVAG relay is housed in a TROPIC PLUS size 4 cases, closed at
front by a scalable transparent cover conventional series dropping power supply
is employed, and the heat generating components in the power supply arc mounted
in a ventilated metallic enclosure at rear side of the case. The input and
output connections are terminated on a terminal block with 28 terminals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">* * *
* *<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER 4<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">DESIGN OF 110KV GIS
SUBSTATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1
EXISTING ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OF KSEB IN KOLLAM CITY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The power requirements
of Kollam city is provided by four substations namely<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ayathil
-66kv<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kavanadu
-110kv<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kundara
-220kv<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kottiyam
-110kv<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
electrical section of kollam corporation is divided into eight sections. They
are<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cantonment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadappakada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Thangasseri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sakthikulangara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pallimukku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayathil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(8)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Killikollur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2
LOAD ANALYSIS OF KOLLAM CITY IN THE LAST TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The average load taken
by each 11kv on the year 2005&2006 are given below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .2in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 234.75pt;" valign="top" width="313"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> PLACE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.25pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HEAD POST OFFICE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.25pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">179.92A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">187.64A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 23.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KOCHU PILAOAM MOOD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.25pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">188.25A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">186.54A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PARVATHI MILL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.25pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">160A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">166.36A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">POWER HOUSE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.25pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">115A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">126.27A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CHINNAKADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.25pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">169A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">173.36A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KADAPPAKADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.25pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">181A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">177.1A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.5pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S.N.COLLEGE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.25pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">94A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">122.18A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1047" style="height: 162.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 234pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2.1
CONNECTED LOAD STATEMENT OF CONTONMENT SECTION</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Domestic consumers
=8969KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Commercial light &
fans =3771 KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Commercial heat &<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Small power including 3
HP =8011W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cinema =2648KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LT Industrial power <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Below 15 KW = 4252KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B) above 15 KW =1242KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HT consumers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Above 50KW
=2775KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lift Irrigation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Below 15 KW =1000KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Above 15 KW =447KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Public water works<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LT supply
=121KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HT supply =6416KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TOTAL =39652KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2.2
CONNECTED LOAD STATEMENT OF KADAPPAKADA SECTION</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Domestic consumers =8969KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Commercial light &
fans =3771 KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cinema
=2648KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LT Industrial power <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.3
DESIGN OF TRANSFORMER<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total connected load
for Cantonment section =39652KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total connected load
for Kadappakada section
=21390 KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total connected
load =39652 + 21390<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =61042 KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30% of future
expansion =20% of 61042<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=73250KW<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total load in KVA =73250/pf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Here we assume pf =0.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=73250/0.8
=91563KVA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Taking demand
factor =91563/0.8 =114454 KVA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Taking diversity
factor = 114454/2 =57227KVA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
= 57.227MVA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=60MVA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">So we are taking 3
transformers of capacity 20MVA each.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The rating of the
transformer is 110KV/1kv 20MVA power transformer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.4
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Assuming base MVA as 100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Base impedance
= (base MVA×100)/(fault MVA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Choose high value of
fault MVA for design. Therefore take 1124MVA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Base impedance = (100×100)/1124<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=8.89%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total resistance/KM =0.046Ω/KM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total resistance for
7.2KM cable =7.2×0.046Ω<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=0.3312Ω<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">%line reactance of
7.2KM cable = (line reactance × base MVA)/(KV)²<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
= (0.3312×100)/ (110)²<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=0.0027%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total % impedance at
110KV =8.89+0.0027<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=8.8927%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fault MVA = (baseMVA×100)/(total
%impedance upto the point) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
= (100×100)/8.8927<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=1124.52MVA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fault current at 110KV
bus = (1124.52×10</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">⁶</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)/
(Г3×110×10³) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
= 5.9KA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">% Impedance of 110KV,
20 MVA transformer,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">% Impedance at base
MVA = (% impedance at
rated MVA ×base MVA)/rated MVA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
= (10×10)/20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=50%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Three transformers of
20 MVA are connected in parallel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Total % impedance = 1/z =1/z1 + 1/z2 + 1/z3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
1/z =1/50 +1/50
+1/50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=0.06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Z =16.67%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">% impedance at 11 KV
bus =8.8927% +16.67%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=25.56%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fault MVA at 11KV bus
=(base MVA ×100)/(total %impedance upto11KV bus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
= (100×100)/25.56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=391.38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=400MVA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fault current at 11KV
bus = (400×10</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">⁶</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)/
(Г3×11×10³)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=20.99KA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
≈21KA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.5
DESIGN OF CABLES AND OVER HEAD LINES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FOR
110KV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated
current at 110KV side
= (60MVA)/(Г3×110KV)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
= (60×10</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">⁶</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)/(Г3×110×10³)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=314.91A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=315A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Conductor
size = (rated current)/(current density)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Here
we are taking cu conductor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The
current density of cu =1.2A/mm²<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Size
of conductor
=315/1.2
=262 sq.mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">So
we are taking 300 sq.mm conductor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Checking
the size of conductor whether it withstands the fault current<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area
of the conductor =
11.1×Гt ×fault current in KA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =11.1×Г3×5.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =123.47
mm²<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FOR
11KV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated
current at 11KV side = (20MVA)/
(Г3×11KV)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
= (60×10</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">⁶</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)/
(Г3×11×10³)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=1049.72A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =1050A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Conductor
size =(rated current)/(current density)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Here
we are taking Al conductor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Size
of conductor =1050/0.8 =1312.5sq.mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">So
we are taking 4 runs of 400 sq.mm 3core XLPE cable from the secondary of
transformer to the 11KV distribution pane l. for the 11KV distribution panel
the busbar size is runs of 100mmX10mm CU conductor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.6
SELECTION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo55; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110 KV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated current =315A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Taking factor of
safety =4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CB rating =252x4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=1260A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Available rating in the
market =1250A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rating of CB =1250A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Short circuit current
at 110KV side =5.9 KA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=6KA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Considering future
expansion, CB’s are selected such that rated normal current is 1250A and rated
short circuit current breaking current 25KA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B) <b>11KV</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated current =1050A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Taking factor of
safety =2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CB rating =1050X2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
=2100A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Available rating in the
market =2500A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rating of CB
=2500A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Short circuit current
at 11KV side =21 KA <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Considering future
expansion, CB’s are selected such that rated normal current is 2500A and rated
short circuit current breaking current 50 KA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.7
SELECTION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110 KV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated
current
=315A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Available
rating is the market =500A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For
metering and protection we are providing 4 no’s of secondary coils of 1A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -35.1pt; width: 609px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 29.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Core utilization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Core1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.6pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Core2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Core3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.3pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Core4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Main protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.6pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Back-up protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metering<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.3pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Different protection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">burden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.6pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30VA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.3pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 52.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 52.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Minimum knee point
voltage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="top" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">600V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.6pt;" valign="top" width="106"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.3pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">600V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="5" style="border: none; height: 11.6pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 456.65pt;" valign="top" width="609"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11KV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated
current =1050A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Available
rating in the market =1200A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For
metering and protection we are providing 3 no’s of secondary coils of 1A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.8
SELECTION OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110KV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated voltage -110 ±10%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated voltage KV (rms) -123<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated frequency -50 Hz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">System neutral earthing –effectively
earthed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Installation –outdoor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated short circuit current KA -25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated insulation level<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo52; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Impulse
withstand voltage KV(peak) -450<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo52; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1
minute power frequency withstand voltage KV (rms) -185<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of secondary windings -two <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo51; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transformer ratio –
110/Г3KV/110/Г3,110/Г3 V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo56; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11KV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Rated voltage -110 ±10%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated
voltage kv (rms) -123<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated
frequency -50 Hz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">System
neutral earthing –effectively earthed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Installation
–outdoor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated
short circuit current KA -25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated
insulation level<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> a) Impulse withstand voltage KV (peak)
-75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> b) 1 minute power frequency withstand
voltage KV (rms) -38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number
of secondary windings -two <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transformer
ratio – 11000/Г3V/110/Г3V,110/Г3 V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.9
ISOLATORS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TECHNICAL
PARTICULARS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated voltage KV(rms) -123<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated frequency Hz -50Hz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">System of neutral earthing –effective
earthed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Type of disconnect –horizontal break
(double)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of poles -3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Installation –indoor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated normal current amps -1000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated short time withstand KA current
-25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated duration of short circuit =1sec<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated peak withstand current KA(peak)
-62.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Operating mechanism –manual/motorized
–automatic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11KV
distribution feeder, current transformer, circuit breaker, cable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.10
CT’S FOR 11KV FEEDERS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated
secondary current -1049.72A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=1050A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Four
feeders are taken from one transformer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">So
current through one feeder =1050/4 =262.5A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
= 263 A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Available
rating for ct in the market is 300A <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For
metering and protection we are providing 3 secondary coils <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rating
of CT =300/1-1-1 A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.11
CB’S FOR 11KV FEEDERS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated normal current
=263 A <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In each feeder <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Taking factor of safety
=4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CB rating =263×4 =1052A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Available rating in the
market =1250A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Short circuit current
at 11KV =21KA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Considering future
expansion CB’s are selected such that rated normal current is 1250 A <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">And rated short circuit
breaking current is 50KA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.12
CABLE FOR 11 KV FEEDERS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rated normal current
=263 A <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In each feeder <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 338.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Size
of conductor = (rated normal current)/(current density) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Considering economical
aspects we are taking Al as the conductor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Size of Q conductor =263/0.8 = 328.75 sq.mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Available size of
conductor is the market is 400sqmm 3 core 11KV XPLE cable <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.13
DESIGNING OF EARTH MAT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 40m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 114.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.0pt;" valign="top" width="52"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
40 m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4.13.1
TO CALCULATE THE SIZE OF EARTH CONDUCTOR <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For copper brased
joints the formula for area of conductor A = 0.044×i×Гt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A= 0.0044×21000×Г3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A= 160.042 mm sq <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Taking 20% allowance
are given to the cross sectional area for a corrosive environment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i.e. A =192.05 mm sq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">So we provide 35X 6 mm
sq CU for earth mat which posses an area
of 210 mm sq. hence we propose 35X 6 mm sq CU strips to be buried at 0.5
m below the ground .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Assuming earthmat for a
spacing of 2m, total no; of line =42 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistivity, ρ =132Ωm <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spacing, D =2m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">N= 42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H=0.5m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">L=total length of
conductor = (40X42) =1680m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area =40X40 =1600m sq <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Grid resistance Rg =ρ/
(4Xr) + ρ/L -------------(1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Assuming the earthmat
to be a circle, A =1600m,sq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">∏r² =1600m.sq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">R =22.57 m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Substituting the value
in eqn (1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rg =132/(4X22.57)+132/(16800
=1.54Ω<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inorder to reduce the
resistance below 0.5Ω we provide a chemical named Bromite in the soil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">* * *
* *<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER 5<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">COST ANALYSIS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1
COST ANALYSIS FOR GIS EQUIPMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -6.6pt; width: 620px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 31.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sl.No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Particulars<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Quantity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Unit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rate per unit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amount in crores<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 24.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">GIS EQUIPMENT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1feeder
+1transformer+1bus coupler<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Set<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5Crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1transformer section<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metering section
&earthing switch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110KV,20MVA
transformer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">51,00,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transformer control
&relay panel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Set<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">600000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11KV distribution
panel with 12 feeders &3bus coupler with relays &metering<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Set<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">50,00,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Station battery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rectifier arrangement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">300mm2110KV straight
joint<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.009<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">415V LT panel for
substation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,00,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Earthing material
copper 50*6 sq mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Including all
equipment earthing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tonnes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">500000/ton<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11kv ,3C *300Sqmm
cable (11KV distribution panel to RMU)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">300<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5000/m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RMU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5,50,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.66<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">14.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3core*400sq mm 110KVXLPE cable (transformer to 11kv
distribution panel )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">120<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30000/m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 33.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 33.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Auxiliary transformer
200KVA outdoor oil cooled<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,60,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.016<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 34.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">16.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1C*300sq mm 110KV X
LPE cable /copper conductor with adequate insulation angle iron trace
supports, brackets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5000.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 9.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.25pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">17.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.45pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cable glands, cable crimping
sockets etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.45pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumpsum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.55pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.2pt;" valign="top" width="75"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Labour charges @ 10% =1.94 crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contingency charges @
10% =1.94 crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transportation charges
@ 55 =0.97 crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Cost
for GIS equipment =24.25 crore<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2
COST ANALYSIS OF FEEDER BAY- KAVANAD </span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SL.NO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Particulars <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Quantity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Unit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rate per unit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amount in crores<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kv lighting
arrester<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">42,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.025<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kvsf6 circuit
breaker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4,50,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.045<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kvbus isolator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">61,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.018<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kvline isolator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">72,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.0432<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kv CT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">71,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.0213<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kv PT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">72,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.0216<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Feeder control/ relay
panel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4,00,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Control cable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumpsum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,50,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.035<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">300mm2 XLPE 3 core UG
cable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8,13,000/km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.5853<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">300mm2 ACSR conductor
for bus extension and for feeder bay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15000.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.09crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Supporting angle iron
for line erection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20,000/tonne<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suspension isolator’s
suitable for 110KV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30,000/set<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.009<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cable trench cable
laying<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumpsum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,00,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">14.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110KV ,300sq mm
straight jointing kit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.045<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PLCC cable for
carrier communication<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">50,000.00/km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.036<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">16.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cable duct<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,50,000.00/km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">17.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Angle iron support on
the cable duct<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tonne<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20000/ton<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Earthing material GI
strips<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tonne<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">200000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 4.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nuts, bolts, washers
etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumpsum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">25,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.0025<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 420.15pt;" valign="top" width="560"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Total = 1.2809 crores<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Labour charges @ 10% =1.94 crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contingency
charges @ 10% =1.94 crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transportation
charges @ 5% =0.97 crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Cost
for constructing feeder in Kavanadu
S/S =1.601 crore<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5.3
COST ANALYSIS (FEEDER SUPPLY )
---AYATHIL S/S<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SL.NO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 375.0pt;" valign="top" width="500"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Particulars Quantity Unit Rate per unit Amount in crores<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kv lighting
arrester<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kvsf6 circuit
breaker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kvbus isolator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 25;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kvline isolator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 26;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kv CT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 27;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110kv PT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 28;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Feeder control/ relay
panel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 8.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 29;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Control cable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumpsum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 30;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">300mm2 XLPE 3 core UG
cable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 31;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">300mm2 ACSR conductor
for bus extension and for feeder bay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 32;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Supporting angle iron
for line erection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 33;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suspension isolator’s
suitable for 110KV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 34;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cable trench cable
laying<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumpsum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 35;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">14.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">110KV ,300sq mm
straight jointing kit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 9.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 36;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PLCC cable for
carrier communication<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 37;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">16.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cable duct<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,50,000.00/km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 38;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">17.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Angle iron support on
the cable duct<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tonne<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20000/ton<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 39;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Earthing material GI
strips<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tonne<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">200000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 40; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.6pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nuts,bolts,washers
etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.85pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumpsum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.5pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.5pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">25,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.55pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5.4
COST ANALYSIS OF GIS BUILDING<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -5.1pt; width: 626px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SL.NO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.25pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> DESCRIPTION <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.1pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">quantity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">unit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.05pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rate per unit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amount in crores<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 53.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.25pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Building construction
cost of three storied RCC building (30m*26m*12M)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.1pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2340<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sq.mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.05pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2100.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 53.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.4914<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 63.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 63.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.25pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">M>S structure for
cranes supporting frames for equipments<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.1pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.05pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">60.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.024<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.25pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Motorized crane (20
ton capacity)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.1pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">no<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.05pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8,00,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.08<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.25pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Electrification of
the building<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.1pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.05pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,50,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.25pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sanitation
&plumping<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.1pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.05pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,50,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.25pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Demolishing of
existing quarters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.1pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.05pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">50,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.2pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.25pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Developing of
substation yard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.1pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.15pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.05pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,00,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Total =0.6454 crore<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5.5
TOTAL COST FOR ENTIRE PROJECT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">COST ANALYSIS =GIS
EQUIPMENTS AND OUTGOING FEEDERS =24.25 crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">COST ANALYSI S (FEEDER
SUPPLY)- KAVANAD S/S =1.601 Crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">COST ANALYSIS (FEEDER
SUPPLY) -AYATHIL S/S =1.02 Crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">COST ANALYSIS OF GIS
BUILDING =0.6454 crore<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">GRAND TOTAL=27.52 Crores<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER 6<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.1
INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> An advanced control system is being
proposed for the 110KV substation. In this advanced control system, whole of
the substation components are modeled using simulink in MATLAB software. MATLAB
is a software introduced by a company known as ‘<i>Math Works. Inc.”</i> which is used for mathematical operations. This
software is basically a modeling software and any equipment can be modeled
using this software. Then the model is
simulated by pressing “ Start Simulation” button. Afterwards we can view the characteristics
at any part of the system by viewing the scope. Basically three main equipments
are needed to interface the incoming busbar voltage with the computer. The
three main equipments are-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Voltage Transducer<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Microcontroller<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parallel Port Programmer<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The incoming busbar
voltage is fed to the voltage transducer. Since the output of the voltage
tansducer is analog in nature and the input to the microcontroller must be
digital in nature, an Analog to Digital converter must be placed in between the
voltage transducer and microcontroller to interface them. The output of the
microcontroller is fed to the parallel port programmer. The last stage includes
the connection of parallel port programmer and computer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.2 VOLTAGE TRANSDUCER<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Voltage Transducer measures AC Voltage
and converts it to an industry standard output signal which is directly
proportional to the measured input. These Transducers provide an output which
is load independent and isolated from the input. The output can be connected to
Controllers, Data-Loggers, PLC's, Analog / Digital Indicators, Recorders for
display, analysis or control. They are ideal for SCADA, Energy Management,
Telemetering for Remote, Local as well as Central Monitoring Systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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<span style="color: red; font-family: MSTT31cc4d; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;"> VMT, VMT – TRMS
BPVMT, BPVMT – TRMS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.3
MICROCONTROLLER<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A microcontroller (also microcomputer,
MCU or µC) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting
internally of a relatively simple CPU, clock, timers, I/O ports, and memory.
Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on
chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed
for small or dedicated applications. Thus, in contrast to the microprocessors
used in personal computers and other high-performance or general purpose
applications, simplicity is emphasized. Some microcontrollers may use four-bit
words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 kHz, as this is
adequate for many typical applications, enabling low power consumption
(milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain
functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other
interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals
off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting
battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical
roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP),
with higher clock speeds and power consumption.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Microcontrollers
are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile
engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines,
appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a
design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices,
microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and
processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog
components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.3.1
DETAILS OF ATMEGA 32<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FEATURES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Advanced RISC Architecture<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Fully Static Operation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase
Cycles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In-System Programming by On-chip
Boot Program<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> True Read-While-Write Operation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 1024 Bytes EEPROM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase
Cycles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 2K Byte Internal SRAM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Programming Lock for Software Security<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Extensive On-chip Debug Support<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG
Interface<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Peripheral Features<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture Mode<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Four PWM Channels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 8 Single-ended Channels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 7 Differential Channels in TQFP
Package Only<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2 Differential Channels with
Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Programmable Serial USART<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– On-chip Analog Comparator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Special Microcontroller Features<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– External and Internal Interrupt Sources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,
Standby<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> and Extended Standby<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• I/O and Packages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 32 Programmable I/O Lines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Operating Voltages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega32L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Speed Grades<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega32L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">• Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 3V, 25°C for ATmega32L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Active: 1.1 mA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Idle Mode: 0.35 mA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Power-down Mode: < 1 μA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.3.2
OVERVIEW <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The ATmega32 is a
low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega32
achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to
optimize power consumption versus processing speed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The AVR core combines a rich
instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers
are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent
registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle.
The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs
up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The ATmega32 provides the following
features: 32K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash Program memory with
Read-While-Write capabilities, 1024 bytes EEPROM, 2K byte SRAM, 32 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, a JTAG interface for
Boundary-scan, On-chip Debugging support and programming, three flexible
Timer/Counters with compare modes, Internal and External Interrupts, a serial programmable
USART, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, an 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with
optional differential input stage with programmable gain (TQFP package only), a
programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and
six software selectable power saving modes.</span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The Idle mode stops the CPU while
allowing the USART, Two-wire interface, A/D Converter, SRAM, Timer/Counters,
SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode
saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next External Interrupt or Hardware Reset. In
Power-save mode, the Asynchronous Timer continues to run, allowing the user to
maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise
Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except Asynchronous Timer and
ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the
crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is
sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low-power consumption.
In Extended Standby mode, both the main Oscillator and the Asynchronous Timer
continue to run.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The device is manufactured using Atmel’s
high density nonvolatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface, by
a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program
running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any interface to download the
application program in the Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash
section will continue to run while the Application Flash section is updated,
providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with
In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega32 is a
powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The ATmega32 AVR is supported with a full
suite of program and system development tools including: C compilers, macro
assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evaluation
kits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.3.3
PIN DESCRIPTIONS<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pin
Configurations</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure 1<b>. </b></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pinouts of ATmega32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VCC- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Digital
supply voltage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">GND- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Port
A (PA7..PA0)- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Port A serves as the
analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit
bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can
provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers
have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled
low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated.
The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if
the clock is not running.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Port
B (PB7..PB0)- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Port B is an 8-bit
bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running. Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the
ATmega32.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Port
C (PC7..PC0)- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Port C is an 8-bit
bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins
PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs. The
TD0 pin is tri-stated unless TAP states that shift out data are entered. Port C
also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of
theATmega32.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Port
D (PD7..PD0)- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Port D is an 8-bit
bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running. Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the
ATmega32.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RESET- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reset
Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will
generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is
given in data table. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">XTAL1- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Input to the inverting
Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">XTAL2- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Output from the
inverting Oscillator amplifier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AVCC- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AVCC
is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used,
it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AREF- </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">AREF
is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.4 PARALLEL PORT
PROGRAMMER<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.4.1
GENERAL TYPES OF DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo58; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parallel </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo58; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serial </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parallel
</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parallel
communication requires as much wires as the no. of bits in a word for its
transmission. Word may be a combination of 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serial
</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serial
communication usually requires a minimum of 2 wires for data transmission in
one direction. One wire is for data and other is for ground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parallel
port identification on IBM PC<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Usually ports are found on the rear of
computer and are of the following two
types;<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Male
ports</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> - having pins coming out of port.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2)<b> Female ports</b></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
- having holes for pins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parallel
port is generally a 25 pin female connector with which a printer is usually
attached.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1037" style="height: 189pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 191.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Grouping
Of Parallel Port Pins<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Data port<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ii.
Status port<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">iii.
Control port<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
port:</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">It includes pin 2 to pin 9 with pin
names Data-0 to Data- 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">It is usually for data output according
to old “standard parallel port” standard. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ii.
Status Port</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Status
port is an input only port i.e. Data can’t be output on this port but it can
only be read.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</o:lock></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.5 PARALLEL PORT
PROGRAMMER FOR ATMEGA 16/32</span></u></b><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In-system programmer
means we can design a programmer circuit using simple parallel port interfacing
such that our controller can be directly burned with the program while in the
designed system or circuit board.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Following
pins of Atmega16 is used in programmer circuit- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.8pt;" valign="top" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pin No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 281.5pt;" valign="top" width="375"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Description<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.8pt;" valign="top" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 281.5pt;" valign="top" width="375"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MOSI (SPI Bus Master Output/Slave Input<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.8pt;" valign="top" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 281.5pt;" valign="top" width="375"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MISO (SPI Bus Master Input/Slave Output)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.8pt;" valign="top" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 281.5pt;" valign="top" width="375"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.8pt;" valign="top" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 281.5pt;" valign="top" width="375"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reset<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.8pt;" valign="top" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 281.5pt;" valign="top" width="375"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vcc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.8pt;" valign="top" width="209"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 281.5pt;" valign="top" width="375"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ground<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Table-Atmega16 Pins<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">• SCK – Port B, Pin 7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SCK: Master Clock
output, Slave Clock input pin for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
Slave, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of
DDB7.When the SPI is enabled as a Master; the data direction of this pin is
controlled by DDB7. When the pin is forced by the SPI to be an input, the
pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB7 bit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">• MISO – Port B, Pin 6</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MISO: Master Data
input, Slave Data output pin for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
Master, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB6.
When the SPI is enabled as a Slave, the data direction of this pin is
controlled by DDB6. When the pin is forced by the SPI to be an input, the
pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB6 bit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">• MOSI – Port B, Pin 5</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MOSI: SPI Master Data
output, Slave Data input for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a Slave,
this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB5. When the
SPI is enabled as a Master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB5.
When the pin is forced by the SPI to be an input, the pull-up can still be
controlled by the PORTB5 bit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">• RESET-Pin 9</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reset Input. A low level on this pin for
longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock
is not running.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">• VCC -Pin 10 </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Digital supply voltage(+5V).</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">•GND-Pin-11 </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ground.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Parallel Port</span></u></b><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parallel Port
interfacing is the simplest method of interfacing. Parallel Port’s are
standardized under the IEEE 1284 standard first released in 1994. It has data transfer
speed up to 1Mbytes/sec. Parallel port is basically the 25 pin Female connector
(DB-25) in the back side of the computer (Printer Port). It has 17 input lines
for input port and 12 pins for output port. Out of the 25 pins most pins are
Ground and there is data register (8 bit), control register (4 bit) and status
register (5 bit).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgImVSragVMerpY1ExJPozG2Cg-LDdbKoHuZ9jCBX48KHJK12J_UYaLVLKdJege4gu1EFwQiS2_apIFqg2dLGXdVwRauUKJDJwvHIsmVY6QOFKFtWn7a7hrbbpK3GxucBdj6NvLkT1OyDc7/s1600-h/clip_image002.jpg"><span style="color: #6699cc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;"><v:shape alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgImVSragVMerpY1ExJPozG2Cg-LDdbKoHuZ9jCBX48KHJK12J_UYaLVLKdJege4gu1EFwQiS2_apIFqg2dLGXdVwRauUKJDJwvHIsmVY6QOFKFtWn7a7hrbbpK3GxucBdj6NvLkT1OyDc7/s320/clip_image002.jpg" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgImVSragVMerpY1ExJPozG2Cg-LDdbKoHuZ9jCBX48KHJK12J_UYaLVLKdJege4gu1EFwQiS2_apIFqg2dLGXdVwRauUKJDJwvHIsmVY6QOFKFtWn7a7hrbbpK3GxucBdj6NvLkT1OyDc7/s1600-h/clip_image002.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5344021533217509346" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" style="height: 150pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 294pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t">
<v:imagedata o:title="clip_image002" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Ganesh\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image046.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgImVSragVMerpY1ExJPozG2Cg-LDdbKoHuZ9jCBX48KHJK12J_UYaLVLKdJege4gu1EFwQiS2_apIFqg2dLGXdVwRauUKJDJwvHIsmVY6QOFKFtWn7a7hrbbpK3GxucBdj6NvLkT1OyDc7/s1600-h/clip_image002.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig-Pin diagram of Parallel Port</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Following Pins are used in parallel port-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
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<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pin No.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.95in;" valign="top" width="379"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Description</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7,8,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.95in;" valign="top" width="379"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data pins<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.95in;" valign="top" width="379"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Status pin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.95in;" valign="top" width="379"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ground<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Table- Parallel Port
Pins<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Interfacing -</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In programmer circuit
pins of parallel port which are above described has to interface with pins of
ATmega16 microcontroller which are responsible for in-system programming. The
parallel port can be interfaced directly with microcontroller. To avoid reverse
current we can use Schottkey diodes as safety precaution for pc motherboard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Following pins of
Parallel Port and ATmega16 are to be interfaced-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Parallel Port</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Atmega16</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pin 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reset (Pin 9)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pin 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SCK (Pin8)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pin 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MOSI (Pin6)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pin 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MISO(Pin7)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pin 19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ground(Pin11)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Interface Connections-<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig-Circuit Diagram
of ATmega16 Programmer</span></u><b><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fig. The Snapshot</span></u><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SOFTWARES USED</span></u></b><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">WinAVR–</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">WinAVR</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> is open source
package in which we use two sub-programs </span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Programmers,
Notepad & Mfile.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Version- 2.0.8.718-basic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Creator- Simon
Steele<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Purpose- 1.
To write code.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2. To compile coding.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3. To generate Hex Code.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 4. To burn Hex code.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6.6 MATLAB MODELS AND SCOPE OUTPUT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> As a demo for our proposal, we are including
the MATLAB models and scope outputs of three relays namely-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Instantaneous relay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Differential relay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Overcurrent relay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">INSTANTANEOUS RELAY
MODEL</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SCOPE
OUTPUT OF INSTANTANEOUS RELAY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY MODEL<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SCOPE
OUTPUT OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">OVERCURRENT RELAY MODEL<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SCOPE
OUTPUT OF OVERCURRENT RELAY<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">* *
* * *<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER 7<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> From the review of conventional
substation the large size & inadequacy in the safety factor was noted. Thus,
the need of a compact and safe working environment came up. The properties of
SF6 was studied and this lead to the design of a 110KV GIs substation for Kollam
city with SF6 as an effective insulating medium. The cost analysis is also
carried out. We have also proposed a advanced control system for the substation
using MATLAB software which enables highly technical as well as easy monitoring
of the operations occurring in the substation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Certain things to be taken care are that
proper steps should be taken in the design and maintenance of the substation
equipments, else it may affect the satisfactory functioning of the substation.
Space savings, the most significant benefit of GIS substation should be
evaluated not only in terms of locating the substation where it benefits the
electrical system but also provides other financial oppurtunities or avoid
controversy and delays.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LEEDS W.M.FRIEDDRICH R.E,WAGNER
C.L.HT.CB with Sf6(report of
international conference about high voltage ,1960<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BROWN T.E, LEEDS W.M –A new extinction
agent for breaking devices (report of international conference about HV,1960)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MOHANA RAO.M, NAIDU M.S –very fast
transient voltage and transient
enclosure voltage in a GIS
substation (ELECTRICAL INDIA,15<sup>th</sup> April 1997)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PHIL BOLIN –Engineers note book
(ELECTRICAL WORLD March/April 2000)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">www.toshiba.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">www.aba.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo62; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">British Library Direct: A technical design 110KV GIS substation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo62; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">www.jacobsbabtie.com/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-881004273126561222012-04-22T22:08:00.004-07:002012-04-22T22:08:31.850-07:00How does a wireless mouse work when even it is not connected to any other devices?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #3b3a39; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<span style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">How does a wireless mouse work when even it is not connected to any other devices?</span></b></span></div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<span style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<span style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<span style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01057/TH19-MOUSE-BRSC_1057222e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="In the wireless mouse the information from the mouse to the CPU and back are exchanged through radio signals." border="0" height="640" src="http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01057/TH19-MOUSE-BRSC_1057222e.jpg" width="620" /></a></div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b></b></span></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">A mouse is a very important peripheral device in a computer which is used to move the cursor on the computer screen. It has several other buttons which are used to highlight a part of text, images or other information, to scroll pages, to click and open files, folders etc.</span></b></div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">In case of a wired mouse, the information from the mouse to the CPU and back are transmitted through a pair of wires. In case of a wireless mouse, these information are exchanged through radio signals.</span></b></div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">To support this arrangement, there is a radio transmitter in the mouse and a corresponding receiver in the computer.</span></b></div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">The radio frequency receiver receives the radio frequency signals, decodes them, and then sends these signals directly to the computer as normal. RF receivers usually come as built in components that connect to the mouse input. In some cases a separate card is installed in the computers.</span></b></div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">Most wireless mice have integrated receivers that plug into a computer's peripheral input and are very small in size. Wireless mice mainly use radio frequencies at 2.4 gigahertz and at these frequencies a mouse can transfer data at very quick speed. Also there is very little or no interference in a work or home environment.</span></b></div>
<div class="body" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">They also have a good range of the order of 100 feet or so. Another technology that is used in wireless mice is Bluetooth RF technology. It uses 2.4 gigahertz frequencies. Bluetooth also has a decent range, usually about 20- 30 feet.</span></b></div>
</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-8257924939705613312012-04-22T21:27:00.003-07:002012-04-22T21:27:55.777-07:00solve this question<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">PAPER – I</span></b></h2>
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: blue;">T</span>i<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">me Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 200</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><b>Candidates should attempt SIX questions, selecting TWO question from Section - A, ONE from Section - B, ONE</b></span><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">from Section - C and TWO from Section – D. Assume suitable data, if necessary and indicate the same clearly</span>.</b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>SECTION A</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1. (a) In Fig. 1, the switch was in position 2 for a long time. It is switched to position 1 at t = 0. At t</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>= 5 sec it is switched back to position 2 and left there. Obtain an expression for i(i), the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>capacitor current for t > 0.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) A circuit is made up of a 10 resistance, a 1 F capacitance and a I h-inductance all</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>connected in series A voltage of 100 V at varying frequencies is applied to the circuit. Find</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>the frequency (or frequencies) at which the circuit would consume only 10% of the power it</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>consumed at resonance.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) A 2-poe network made up of passive linear resistors is fed at port 1 by an ideal voltage source</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>of V volts.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>It is loaded at port 2 by a resistance R:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(i) With V = 10 volts and R = 6, currents at ports 1 and 2 were 1.44 A and 0.2A</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>respectively.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(ii) With V = 15 V and R = 8 , the current at port 2 was 0.25 A.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Determine the -equivalent circuit of the 2-pod network.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>2. (a) Derive expressions for the hybrid parameters in terms of the Transmission parameters. Hence</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>interpret the relation AD — BC = 1 in terms of hybrid parameters.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Find the input resistance of the infinite ladder network of Fig.2.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) For the circuit of Fig. 3 choose a set of state variables and derive the voltage, current</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>equations necessary for solving the circuit in terms of the chosen state variables.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>I.E.S. (Conv.) - 1999</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(d) Given the impulse response of a system is e-t obtain the system response for an input a sin cit</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>using the convolution integral?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8</b></div>
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<b>3. (a) The open loop gain G(s) H(s) of a feedback control system is</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b> </b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b> </b></div>
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<b>10 40</b></div>
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<b>1 4</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>K s s</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>S s s</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b> </b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b> </b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Work out and sketch the Nyquist plot for the system and comment on the stability of the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>closed loop system for—</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(i) K = .01 (b) K = 100</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Fig. 4 is a block diagram of a linear feedback system. Obtain a signal flow graph for the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>system and hence calculate the overall gain C(s)/R(s) for the system.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) What is ‘aliasing’ in respect of obtaining z-transforms and their inversions? How are the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>effects of aliasing reduced in a digital system?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>4</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Consider a zero-order hold circuit, with a sequence of discrete inputs sampled at an interval</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>of T sec. In terms of the Laplace transform of this sequence, find the Laplace transform of the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>output of the hold circuit.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: red;">SECTION B</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>4. (a) Determine the force exerted per meter by a 2 mm dia conductor of infinite length on a similar</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>parallel conductor 1 m away, when a potential of 1000 V is existing between them. Make</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>suitable assumptions about other details you need, and state them.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Derive Laplaces equation pertaining to electrostatic potential distribution in a charge free</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>space. Show how this is useful in computing the potential distribution in a two-digressional</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>electrostatic problem using a digital computer</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) The electron gun of a TV display tube emits electrons almost at zero velocity. These are</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>accelerated through an electric held of 1000 V/cm over a distance of 5 cm. Then the pass</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>through a vertical deflecting coil producing a flux density of 0.01 Wb/m2 over a distance of 1</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>cm. If the screen is at a distance of 10 cm from the centre of the deflecting system calculate</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>the deflection produced (charge per unit mass for electrons is 1.759 × 1011 C/kg).</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>5. (a) (i) Using Maxwell’s equations, derive equations to demonstrate the propagation of</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>uniform plane waves in a perfect dielectric medium.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(ii) The magnetic field intensity H of a plane wave in free space is 0.20 A/m and is in the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>‘1-direction. If the wave is propagating in the Z-direction with a frequency of 3 GHz,</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>find the wavelength, amplitude and direction of the E-vector, 0 = 4 × 10-7 H/m and</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>0 = 8.85 × 10-12 F/m.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12 + 12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Discuss the wave propagation in</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(i) a lossy dielectric;</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(ii) a conductor.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Derive relevant equations.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: red;">SECTION C</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>6. (a) (i) Discuss the wave nature of any matter in motion as postulated by de brogile.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(ii) Calculate the wavelength of an electron with kinetic energy of 300 eV.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Mass of an electron = 9.108 × 10-31 kg</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Charge = 1.602 × 10-19 C</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Planck’s constant</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>h = 6.626 × 10-34 J-s.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>4 + 8</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) (i) What are the different ways in which liquids may be electrically polarized?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(ii) What is ferro-electric behaviour in crystals? What causes this?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>6 + 6</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) Explain any three of the following:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Diamagnetism; paramagnetism; ferromagnetism; antiferromagnetism; ferrimagnetism</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>7. (a) Explain the existance of the various electron energy hands in solids based on these hands</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>distinguish between insulators, conductors and semi-conductors.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Giving relevant defining equations, explain the phenomenon of drift and diffusion associated</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>with carrier movement in semiconductors.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) Consider an abrupt p-n junction with donor density to atoms/cm and acceptor density</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>NA = 0.5 × 1016 atoms/cm3. Sketch the charge distribution about the junction and estimate the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>junction width when—</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(i) no external voltage is applied. (assume the junction barrier voltage to be 0.7V)</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(ii) with an external voltage of -10 V applied.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Assume uniform charge distribution on both sides of the junction in the space charge</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>region. Assume an r of 10 for the material and 0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>14</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: red;">SECTION D</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8. (a) What do you understand by the dimension of a quantity? Obtain the dimensions of resistance</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>R, inductance L and capacitance C in terms of mass length time and current. Hence, check</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>dimensionally if the equation R2C = L is balanced. If not, indicate the missing dimension.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) A strain measuring Wheatstone Bridge used two identical and identically strained gauges in</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>its opposite arms, Prove that the bridge will have maximum sensitivity for strain when the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>resistances in the other two arms are equal and equal to the unstrained resistance of the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>gauges.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) Many voltage measuring system like potentiometers. A/D or D/A converters etc. require</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>some standard reference voltages. Describe any two of such reference voltages and give an</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>idea as to their accuracy:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>9. (a) (i) What are the advantages of integrating type A/D converters over the non-integrating</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>type? What integrating interval would you recommend for a world class A/D</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>converter to eliminate the power frequency related (50 Hz and 60 Hz, both) ripples</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>from affecting the measurement?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(ii) Describe any good integrating A/D converter with a circuit diagram and explain its</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>operation</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>6 + 6</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Distinguish between active and passive electrical transducers and give some examples of</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>each. Show how operational amplifiers could be used to interface a weak voltage signal</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>output from an active transducer to a measuring system requiring comparatively larger</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>voltage and power.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) With a block diagram, explain a typical data logging system.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10. (a) What is a Wien Bridge? What are its uses?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Show how a variable frequency oscillator can be built using an operational amplifier with a</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Wien Bridge. Derive an expression for the frequency of oscillation of the circuit.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Explain the following and bring out their relative merits</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(i) EM (ii) PCM (iii) Delta modulation</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) Discuss briefly the different methods of measuring the following</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(i) Liquid flow</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(ii) Temperature of the order of 1000 K.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1 .</b></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: red;">PAPER - II</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 200</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Candidates should attempt FIVE questions in all, choosing at least ONE from each section.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>SECTION A</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1. (a) With necessary circuit diagrams explain the open-circuit test and short – circuit test</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>conducted on single. Phase transformer. Justify that the copper loss in the open-circuit test</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>condition and the iron loss in the short – circuit test condition are normally neglected</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) A 500 kVA single phase transformer with 0.012 p.u. resistance and 0.06 p.u. reactance, is</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>connected in parallel with a 250 kVA single phase transformer with 0.014 p.u. resistance and</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>0.045 p.u. reactance to share a load of 600 kVA at 0.8 power factor logging. Find the 2VA</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>and power factor shared by each transformer.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) A 220 V d.c. shunt motor takes 20A at rated voltage and runs at 1000 rpm. Its field circuit</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>resistance is 100 and armature circuit resistance is 0.1. Compute the value of additional</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>resistance required in the armature circuit to reduce the speed to 800 rpm when</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(i) the load torque is proportional to speed</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(ii) the load torque varies as the square of the speed.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>16</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>2. (a) What are the conditions to he satisfied for a d.c. shunt generator to built up? Explain the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>process of building up of emf in a d.c. shunt generator.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) A 10 kVA, 440 V, 50 Hz. three phase alternator has the following OCC:-</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Field current (amp.) Terminal voltage (Volts)</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1.0 100</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>3.0 300</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>5.0 440</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8.0 550</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>11.0 600</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>15.0 635</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>With full load zero power factor load applied, an excitation of 14 A produced a terminal</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>voltage of 500 V On short circuit, 4 A excitation was required to circulate the full load</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>current. Using MME method, determine the full load percentage regulation for 0.6 p.f.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>lagging and 0.6 p.f. leading.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>20</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Explain how to determine the direct and quadrature axis reactances of a salient pole</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>synchronous machine.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>I.E.S-(Conv.) - 1999</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: red;">ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>3. (a) Describe with the help of an appropriate diagram the Star-Delta method of starting a threephase</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>induction motor.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) A 400 V 6 pole, 50Hz, three phase star connected induction motor running at rated voltage</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>lakes 7.5 A with a power input of 700W. With the rotor blocked and 150 V applied to the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>stator the input current is 35 A and the power input is 5000W. The rotor and the stator copper</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>losses are equal under the blocked rotor condition. The standstill leakage reactance of the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>stator and rotor as seen from the stator are estimated to be in the ratio of 1:0.5. Obtain the</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>equivalent circuit of the induction motor. Calculate the net mechanical power output, torque,</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>input power and the efficiently at a slip of 4%.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>20</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) Explain the operation of single phase capacitor start motor.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>SECTION B</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>4. (a) Develop the long line exact equations in hyperbolic terms for the sending end voltage and</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>current.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) For the power system with the following line data compute the bus admittance matrix with</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>four digit accuracy:-</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Bus Code Line impedance HLCA Off nominal trans. ratio</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1-2 005 + j 0.12 j 0.025 -</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>2-3 0.0 + j 0.40 1.05</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>3-4 0075 + j 025 j 0.002 -</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1-3 0.045 ± j 045 0.015 -</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>1-4 0.015 + j 005 - -</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>15</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) Develop necessary equations and describe the load flow solution using Gauss Seidel method.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>15</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>5. (a) In the power system shown in Fig. I the values marked are the per unit reactances taking 20</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>MVA and 11 kV as base values in the generator circuit. Both the transformers are rated for</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>11/110 kV.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Fig. I</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>A three phase to ground fault with a fault impedance of j 0.038 p.u. occurs at bus 2.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Determine the actual values of fault current at and the currents supplied by the generators</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>15</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Consider the bower system shown in Fig. 2. The values marked are per unit reactances and</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>per unit voltages.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Fig.2</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>The generator was delivering 1.0 p.u. power before a three phase fault occurs at P. The fault</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>was cleared by opening the circuit breakers and isolating the faulty line in 5 cycles. Generator</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>has an inertia constant of 4.0 p.u. Using point by point method, with time interval of 0.05 sec.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>obtain the swing curve for a period of 0.2 sec. Assume f = 50 Hz.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>15</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) Briefly discuss the advantages and the operational problems of HVDC transmission.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>SECTION C</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>6. (a) What are Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrators?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Describe the realization of transistor type monostable multivibrator.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>16</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) For the monostable multivibrator calculate the output pulse width for the design values of RC</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>= 2 k; RB = 20 k; C = 0.1 F and VCC = 12 V. Assume VCE(sal) = 0.2V; VBE(sat) = 0.8V and</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b> = 50. Check up the saturation of the transistor so that the circuit acts as a monostable</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>multivibrator.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>16</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>7. (a) Explain with figure the working of a typical inductance type high frequency oscillator.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Discuss the limitations in realization of radio frequency signals using transistor circuits.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) Explain how to realize radio frequency signals using crystal oscillator.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(d) The parameters of a crystal oscillator equivalent circuit are Ls = 0.8 H; Cs = 0.08 pf: Rs = 5</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>k and C = 1.0 pf. Determine the resonance frequencies fs and fp.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8. (a) Explain the three different formats for the control field of SDLC message frame. How can</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>multiple frames be transmitted without waiting for an acknowledgement from the receiver?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Write a program to add five 16 bit numbers stored in the memory with LSB first and MSB</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>next and to store the 24 bit result in three consecutive memory locations.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>14</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) Write a program to generate sawtooth waveform using a DAC interface. Assume that a</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>bipolar voltage in the range of -5V to +5V for a count of OOH to FFH can be produced</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>through DAC.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>14</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: red;">SECTION D</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>9. (a) What are the merits and demerits of amplitude modulation over frequency modulation?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>8</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) Explain the square law modulation for the generation of AM signals.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>20</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(c) Consider a carrier waveform 10 cos wct and a modulating message signal 3 cos wmt with fc =</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>100 kHz and fm = kHz. Calculate the modulation index and the channel bandwidth for</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>amplitude and frequency modulation. Assume the sensitivity of the frequency modulator to</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>be 5 kHz per volt.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>12</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10. (a) What are the different methods of voltage control of single phase inverters? Explain them</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>20</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>(b) A three phase inductive compensator (TCR) has an inductance of L Henry per phase and</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>negligible resistance. P controlled by a pair of antiparallel SCRs in each phase. The triggering</b></div>
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<b>angle is varied to get the required compensation. The supply voltage is V volts per phase.</b></div>
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<b>Derive the expressions for the ms voltage and corresponding rms current per phase of the the</b></div>
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<b>compensator.</b></div>
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<b>20</b></div>
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</div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8599839129074381538.post-81737655436130615302012-04-11T21:11:00.001-07:002012-04-11T21:11:21.325-07:00Cloud Computing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> Cloud Computing</span></h1>
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<b>Cloud computing</b> is a technology that uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing allows consumers and businesses to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. This technology allows for much more efficient computing by centralizing storage, memory, processing and bandwidth.</div>
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A simple example of cloud computing is Yahoo email, Gmail, or Hotmail etc. You dont need a software or a server to use them. All a consumer would need is just an internet connection and you can start sending emails. The server and email management software is all on the cloud ( internet) and is totally managed by the cloud service provider Yahoo , Google etc. The consumer gets to use the software alone and enjoy the benefits. The analogy is , '<i><b>If you need milk , would you buy a cow ?'</b> All the users or consumers need is to get the benefits of using the software or hardware of the computer like sending emails etc. Just to get this benefit (milk) why should a consumer buy a (cow) software /hardware ?</i></div>
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Cloud computing is broken down into three segments: "application" "storage" and "connectivity." Each segment serves a different purpose and offers different products for businesses and individuals around the world. In June 2011, a study conducted by VersionOne found that 91% of senior IT professionals actually don't know what cloud computing is and two-thirds of senior finance professionals are clear by the concept,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-versionOneStudy_0"><a href="http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/Cloud_Computing#_note-versionOneStudy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #002bb8; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="">[1]</a></sup> highlighting the young nature of the technology. In Sept 2011, an Aberdeen Group study found that disciplined companies achieved on average an 68% increase in their IT expense because cloud computing and only a 10% reduction</div>
</span></div>for electrical guyshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10097618421148306545noreply@blogger.com0